Summary of "Clase Dr. Sergio Buenaventura Cisneros - Cáncer colonorectal"
Summary of Scientific Concepts and Discoveries on Colorectal Cancer
Definition and Prevalence: Colorectal Cancer is a malignant neoplasm originating from the mucosa of the colon or rectum. It is one of the most common malignancies globally, ranking third in incidence and mortality for both genders.
Epidemiology
- Increasing incidence attributed to factors like increased life expectancy, poor diet, smoking, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle.
- Majority of cases are sporadic, with a small percentage linked to genetic syndromes such as Lynch Syndrome and Familial Adenomatous Polyposis.
Risk Factors
- Non-modifiable Factors:
- Age (most common between 65-67 years)
- Gender (more common in males)
- Family history of Colorectal Cancer or adenomatous polyps
- Chronic inflammatory disorders (e.g., ulcerative colitis)
- Modifiable Factors:
- Alcohol consumption
- Smoking
- Diet high in red and processed meats
- Obesity
Pathology
The adenocarcinoma model explains the progression from normal mucosa to adenomatous polyps and invasive carcinoma, involving genetic changes (e.g., APC gene activation, alterations in p53).
Protective Factors
- Regular physical activity
- High intake of fruits and vegetables (over 200 grams/day)
- Adequate dietary fiber (10 grams/day)
- Calcium (400-800 mg/day)
- Certain medications (e.g., Aspirin, statins)
Genetic Syndromes
- Lynch Syndrome: Diagnosed using Amsterdam and Bethesda criteria, associated with a high risk of Colorectal Cancer.
- Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: Autosomal dominant disorder with mutations in the APC gene, characterized by numerous adenomas.
Diagnosis and Staging
- Gold standard for diagnosis: Colonoscopy (high sensitivity and specificity).
- Staging based on the TNM system (tumor size, lymph node involvement, metastasis).
- Imaging studies (CT, MRI) are used for staging and assessing metastasis.
Treatment
- Non-metastatic Stages (1-3): Surgical intervention is the cornerstone, often followed by adjuvant chemotherapy.
- Metastatic Stage (4): Systemic treatment with chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy; surgery may play a role in select cases.
Screening Recommendations
- Regular screening for individuals aged 50 and older, with options including fecal tests and Colonoscopy.
- Consideration of patient preferences and health status for screening decisions in older adults.
Featured Researchers/Sources
- Dr. Sergio Buenaventura Cisneros
- American Cancer Society guidelines (2018)
Category
Science and Nature
