Summary of "Географія. 6 кл. Урок 35 - Вітер"
Lesson: “Wind” (Geography, Grade 6)
Overview
This lesson explains what wind is, how it forms, its main characteristics, how to record it (wind rose), types of winds (global and local), and their effects and human uses. Real-world examples and measurement methods are included.
Main ideas and concepts
Definition
Wind is the horizontal movement of air from areas of higher atmospheric pressure to areas of lower atmospheric pressure. We feel wind even though air itself is invisible.
Cause of wind
- Unequal heating of the Earth’s surface creates pressure differences; air moves to restore balance.
- Day/night coastal example:
- Day: land heats faster than water → air over land rises → lower pressure over land → cooler, higher-pressure air from the sea moves inland (sea breeze).
- Night: land cools faster than water → higher pressure over land → air moves from land to sea (land breeze).
Main characteristics of wind
- Direction
- Named for the side of the horizon it comes from (e.g., a westerly wind blows from west to east).
- Speed
- Depends on pressure differences — larger differences produce stronger winds.
- Measured in m/s or km/h. Conversion: multiply m/s by 3.6 to get km/h (example: 4 m/s × 3.6 = 14.4 km/h).
- Typical near-surface wind speed: about 4.8 m/s (approximate).
- Extreme examples: gusts in Antarctica up to ~90 m/s; recorded ~50 m/s on Mount Ai‑Petri (Ukraine); Carpathian gusts up to ~25 m/s.
- Force (intensity)
- Measured with a Beaufort-type scale based on effects on sea, ships, trees, smoke, etc.
- Examples from the lesson:
- Calm: up to 1 m/s (0 points).
- Weak wind: ~4–5 m/s (around 3 points).
- Strong wind: ~11–12 m/s (around 6 points).
- Storm: ~19–21 m/s (about 9 points).
- Hurricane: >29 m/s (12 points).
- Instruments
- Wind direction: weather vane (wind vane).
- Wind speed: anemometer.
Wind rose (diagram showing directional frequency)
- Purpose: shows how often winds come from each direction during a chosen period (month, year).
- Construction method:
- Draw lines representing compass directions from a center point.
- Decide a scale (e.g., 1 day = 1 cm segment).
- For each direction, count how many days winds blew from that direction during the period.
- On the corresponding direction line from the center, lay out the number of segments equal to the counted days.
- Connect the outermost points of the direction lines sequentially to form the wind rose shape.
- Draw a central circle to record windless (calm) days.
Types of winds and examples
Global (regular) winds
- Monsoons: large-scale seasonal winds of the lower troposphere that reverse direction twice a year.
- Winter monsoon: from land to sea (cold, dry over land).
- Summer monsoon: from sea to land (brings precipitation and warming).
- Typical for eastern continental coasts and tropical northern-hemisphere areas (e.g., South and Southeast Asia).
- Caused by seasonal shifts in pressure zones and solar heating patterns.
Local (variable) winds
- Breezes
- Daily coastal breezes: sea breeze (day) and land breeze (night) described above.
- Mountain‑valley winds
- Change direction twice daily:
- Day: upslope (valley → slopes) as air warms.
- Night: downslope as slopes cool.
- Typical speeds are low (~10 m/s), but can intensify depending on valley geometry.
- Change direction twice daily:
- Föhn (fenn) winds
- Warm, dry, gusty downslope winds with no fixed periodicity, usually lasting 1–2 days.
- Form when air descends a leeward slope, compresses and heats up.
- Effects: rapid temperature rises (examples: +20–25 °C on Greenland during a strong föhn), snowmelt, droughts, increased wildfire risk.
- Local example: southeastern slopes of the Crimean Mountains (near Alushta) can see sudden rises to ~28 °C.
- Other named regional winds (examples)
- Mistral: cold northwesterly to the French Mediterranean coast, up to ~20 m/s.
- Bora: strong gusty northerly down‑slope wind (Adriatic, Black Sea Caucasus coast), up to ~40 m/s.
- Khamsin (Khamasin): hot desert wind in the Sahara/Arabian Peninsula, can blow with force for ~50 days at the onset of spring.
Effects and human uses of wind
Natural effects
- Erodes, transports, and deposits particles; shapes landforms and landscapes.
- Moves heat and moisture between latitudes and from oceans into continents, influencing climate and weather.
Human uses
- Historical: windmills for grinding grain; sailing ships for transport.
- Modern: wind turbines for generating electricity.
- Cultural/marketing note: vehicles are often named after local winds (examples: Maserati Mistral, Maserati Khamsin, Volkswagen Bora, Plymouth Breeze) to emphasize speed or force.
Additional notes and examples
- The lesson includes real-world measurements, unit conversion, and practical observation/charting methods (wind roses, Beaufort-scale observations).
- Geographic examples mentioned: Antarctica; Ukraine (Mount Ai‑Petri, Crimea, Carpathians); Mediterranean coast of France; Adriatic Sea; Black Sea coast of the Caucasus; equatorial Africa; South and Southeast Asia; Madagascar; Australia; Sahara; Arabian Peninsula; Greenland.
Speakers / Sources
- Single speaker: an unnamed teacher/narrator presenting the lesson (with introductory/outro music).
Category
Educational
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