MUERTE CELULAR [Apoptosis, necrosis y autofagia]

Scientific Concepts and Discoveries

• Cell Death Mechanisms:
  • Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death Type 1):
    • Occurs under normal physiological conditions.
    • Involved in embryonic development, such as the elimination of tail cells in tadpoles and interdigital membrane cells in human embryos.
    • Serves as a defense mechanism against virus-infected or mutated cells.
    • Characterized by active participation of the cell in its own death, involving caspases (enzymes) that degrade cellular components.
    • Regulated by external factors (e.g., growth factors, neurotransmitters) and internal signals (e.g., oncogenes, tumor suppressors like p53).
    • Results in the formation of apoptotic bodies that are phagocytosed, preventing inflammation.
  • Necrosis (Accidental Cell Death):
    • A pathological process triggered by unfavorable conditions (e.g., trauma, hypoxia).
    • Characterized by uncontrolled cell swelling and rupture, leading to inflammation and potential damage to surrounding tissues.
  • Autophagy (Programmed Cell Death Type 2):
    • A regulated process that degrades cellular components through lysosomal action.
    • Involves the formation of autophagosomes that fuse with lysosomes for degradation.
    • Important for cellular health, allowing the removal of damaged organelles and recycling of materials.
    • Can lead to cell death under certain conditions, suggesting a complex relationship with Apoptosis.

Methodology

• Apoptosis:
  • Activation by extrinsic (e.g., tumor Necrosis factor) and intrinsic signals (e.g., nutrient deprivation).
  • Involves the formation of apoptotic bodies and phagocytosis.
• Necrosis:
  • Triggered by external stressors leading to cell injury and membrane damage.
• Autophagy:
  • Involves lysosomal degradation of cellular components, with regulation by Autophagy-related genes.

Featured Researchers/Sources

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