Summary of "Proses Terjadinya Petir"

Lightning formation

Clouds: Lightning formation begins in cumulonimbus (rain) clouds where ice crystals form.
Charge separation: Initially neutral ice crystals gain charge through collisions and rubbing caused by wind.
Charge sorting: Heavier ice and graupel tend to become negatively charged and collect in the lower part of the cloud; lighter particles become positively charged and rise to the upper cloud.
Ground charging: The ground becomes positively charged relative to the negatively charged cloud base.
Discharge: When the potential difference overcomes air’s insulating threshold, negative charge discharges toward the ground, producing a bright flash (lightning) and a rapid pressure wave heard as thunder.

Types of lightning

Cloud-to-ground (CG): Discharge between cloud and ground; most dangerous and destructive.
Cloud-to-cloud (CC): Discharge between separate clouds; hazardous to aviation.
Intra-cloud (IC): Discharge within the same cloud; appears as internal flashes or luminous channels.
Cloud-to-air (CEA / cloud UF): Discharge from a cloud into the surrounding air; appears as finger-like extensions from the cloud.

Lightning monitoring (BMKG)

Instrumentation: BMKG uses lightning detectors that capture electromagnetic waves emitted by lightning.
Signal processing: Sensors detect frequency components and a PC translates those signals into continuous recordings.
Outputs: The system provides 24-hour logs showing lightning event location, type, and density.

Reported benefits (as presented)

Produces nitrates that rain down and can act as fertilizers for plants.
Generates ozone, which can absorb some ultraviolet radiation.
Can kill certain bacteria and germs.
Can produce high-energy emissions (e.g., gamma rays) that affect atmospheric chemistry of oxygen and nitrogen.

Note: These are claims presented in the source material; the magnitude and net environmental/health effects vary and are subject to scientific context.

Impacts and hazards

Direct strikes: Intense energy causing burning, cracking, and severe physical damage.
Indirect strikes: Induced currents that can cause short circuits or damage to electrical and electronic systems.