Summary of مراجعة نصف منهج التاريخ | الصف الثالث الثانوي | الخديوي ابراهيم بحيري 2025

Summary of "مراجعة نصف منهج التاريخ | الصف الثالث الثانوي | الخديوي ابراهيم بحيري 2025"

This video is a comprehensive review session covering half of the Egyptian modern history curriculum for third-year secondary students (2025 batch). The instructor, Ibrahim Bahiri, systematically revisits key historical events, figures, revolutions, treaties, and political developments from the late 18th century through the mid-20th century, focusing on Egypt’s political, social, economic, and military history under Ottoman rule, Muhammad Ali’s dynasty, British occupation, and nationalist movements leading up to the 1952 revolution.

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Main Ideas and Concepts

1. French Campaign and Ottoman Egypt (Late 18th - Early 19th Century)
   • French attempts to occupy Egypt under Louis XIV, XV, XVI failed mainly due to European alliances and internal Egyptian resistance.
   • Napoleon’s campaign (1798) aimed to strike England’s colonial interests by controlling Egypt, but was thwarted by the English naval victory at the Battle of Abu Qir.
   • Political propaganda by Napoleon contrasted with violent actions (e.g., storming Al-Azhar Mosque, execution of Muhammad Qrim).
   • Egyptian resistance led by Mamluks, religious institutions (Al-Azhar), and popular uprisings (First and Second Cairo revolutions).
   • Muhammad Ali’s rise to power post-French campaign, leveraging popular support and military strength to consolidate authority.
2. Muhammad Ali’s Reforms and Expansion
   • Military, administrative, and economic reforms aimed at modernizing Egypt.
   • Monopoly system in trade and agriculture to build surplus and fund military.
   • Expansion into Sudan, Arabian Peninsula, and the Levant.
   • Conflicts with Ottoman Sultan and European powers leading to treaties limiting his independence.
   • Establishment of scientific, military, and judicial institutions; Egyptianization of jobs.
   • Challenges in governance due to internal betrayals and external pressures.
3. Succession and Rule of Muhammad Ali’s Descendants
   • Successors like Said Pasha, Ismail Pasha, and Tawfiq Pasha continued reforms with varying success.
   • Ismail’s ambitious projects (Suez Canal, expansion into Africa) led to financial crisis and increased European intervention.
   • Dual control (monitoring) by European powers over Egyptian finances and administration.
   • Rise of nationalist sentiments and political movements against foreign control.
4. British Occupation and Nationalist Movements (Late 19th - Early 20th Century)
   • British occupation formalized after the 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War.
   • Nationalist leaders such as Ahmed Orabi, Mustafa Kamel, Saad Zaghloul, and Mohamed Farid emerged.
   • Key events: 1919 Revolution, Denshawai incident, formation of the Wafd Party, and struggle for independence.
   • British policies included suppression of nationalist movements, control of education, economy, and political institutions.
   • Women’s participation in nationalist movements highlighted (notably in 1919 revolution).
5. Political Developments and Treaties
   • Various treaties and decrees shaped Egypt’s semi-independence status (e.g., Treaty of London 1840, Treaty 36 of 1936, February 28 Declaration 1922).
   • The fluctuating role of the Sultan, Khedive, and British High Commissioner in governance.
   • Parliamentary life was limited and often controlled by rulers or foreign powers.
   • Revolutions and uprisings were often suppressed violently but laid groundwork for eventual independence.
6. Military Conflicts and Battles
   • Battles such as Shubrakhit, Anbaba, Abu Qir, and Nizib were pivotal in shaping Egypt’s military and political landscape.
   • Military reforms and industrialization under Muhammad Ali and successors.
   • The impact of international alliances and conflicts (Crimean War, World Wars) on Egypt.
7. Social and Economic Conditions
   • Agricultural reforms including the interview law and agrarian reform aimed at social stability.
   • Economic challenges due to foreign debt, monopolies, and dual control.
   • Impact of taxation and land ownership on peasants and notables.
   • Education reforms and cultural exchanges with Europe.
8. Nationalist Leaders and Political Figures
   • Detailed review of key figures: Muhammad Ali, Ismail Pasha, Khedive Tawfiq, Ahmed Orabi, Mustafa Kamel, Saad Zaghloul, Mohamed Farid, Gamal Abdel Nasser, and others.
   • Their roles in reforms, revolutions, and the struggle for independence.
9. July 23, 1952 Revolution
   • Led by the Free Officers Movement, ended the monarchy, and established the republic.
   • Continuity and change in political and social principles from previous nationalist movements.

Methodology / Instructions Presented in the Video

• Review Approach:

Notable Quotes

— 140:40 — « How can you say freedom and then send a campaign to occupy Egypt? Military to occupy Egypt, but Egypt is fighting colonialism in all its forms and types is one of them. »

— 180:16 — « I laugh at you, meaning the world is spacious for you and you find it is so. »

— 182:15 — « He's a liar twice, once when he entered the gym he was beaten by horses and once I agreed with my boss on the rule of Upper Egypt because he said I came to fight the Mamluks and he will agree he is against the Upper Egypt ruling, so he should be presented to your guardian. He rules Upper Egypt. »

— 191:26 — « The Egyptian people, I promised you that I will be your government. His family and stuff, I love you guys, not the Egyptians. The people of Alexandria resisted and did not believe them. »

— 193:31 — « Why didn't they choose one of them because he lacked strength? Military at this time is fine, so here it is. We say that they lack military power. »

Category

Educational

Video