Summary of "Politics in planned development class 12 | class 12 political science by Rahul Dwivedi"

Concise summary

After independence India faced extreme poverty and had to choose a development model. It opted for democratic, planned development rather than single‑party communist rule. Planning meant setting multi‑year national plans to decide priorities and allocate resources. India adopted Five‑Year Plans (from 1951) and created the Planning Commission (1950) to guide the process. The country pursued a mixed economy — combining private enterprise with state control of key sectors — and used sector‑specific programs (e.g., Green Revolution, White Revolution) to achieve targeted outcomes. The 1991 reforms shifted policy toward market‑oriented liberalisation, but the planning era remained a major formative period.

India followed a “middle path”: democratic, state‑led planning combined with private enterprise — adapting focus between agriculture and industry as circumstances required.

Main ideas and lessons

India chose democratic planned development over single‑party communist rule after independence.
Planned development: multi‑year national plans (Five‑Year Plans) set priorities, targets, and resource allocations.
The Planning Commission (established 1950) prepared and coordinated Five‑Year Plans starting in 1951.
A mixed economy approach blended capitalism (private enterprise) and socialism (state control of strategic sectors).
A central debate shaped policy: agriculture versus industry; capitalism versus socialism — mirroring global Cold War debates.
Sectoral “revolutions” (Green, White, Blue, Yellow) and regional models (Kerala model) were key tools to achieve targeted gains.
Economic liberalisation in 1991 marked a major shift toward market‑oriented/globalised policies, but earlier decades were largely state‑led and mixed.

Key timeline / plan highlights

1950 — Planning Commission formed.
1951–1956 — First Five‑Year Plan: priority on agriculture due to food insecurity and an agrarian economy.
1956–1961 — Second Five‑Year Plan (led by economist P.C. Mahalanobis): shifted emphasis to heavy industry, steel, large irrigation and power projects (e.g., Bhakra‑Nangal).
1960s–1980s — Continuing debates and policy adjustments between agriculture and industry priorities.
Mid‑1960s–mid‑1980s — Green Revolution phases: introduction of high‑yield varieties (HYV) and modern inputs increased cereal yields.
1960s–1980s — Sectoral revolutions:
- White Revolution (AMUL / Verghese Kurien) — dramatic expansion of milk production and dairy cooperatives.
- Blue Revolution — modernization and expansion of fisheries/aquaculture.
- Yellow Revolution — expansion of oilseed production.
1980 — Kerala model: emphasis on social sectors (education, health, sanitation) as a development approach producing high social indicators at modest incomes.
1944 — Bombay Plan (industrialists including J.R.D. Tata, G.D. Birla, Purshottamdas Thakurdas proposed large‑scale investment for national development). [Not chronological here: included as an antecedent policy proposal.]
1991 — Major economic reforms and liberalisation toward market orientation and globalisation.

Methodology / steps used in planned development

Establish institutions and frameworks:
- Create the Planning Commission (1950) to set national priorities and draft Five‑Year Plans.
- Draft multi‑year plans with sectoral targets and investment priorities.
Prioritise sectors by need and context:
- Immediate food/security needs → agriculture (First Plan).
- Industrialisation, heavy industry, infrastructure → Second Plan and beyond.
Use a mixed‑economy approach:
- State control/ownership for strategic and heavy sectors, infrastructure, and social services.
- Private enterprise allowed in other sectors to encourage efficiency and investment.
Implement targeted sectoral programs:
- White Revolution: cooperative dairying (AMUL), milk production and distribution networks.
- Green Revolution: HYV seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, and modern agronomy.
- Blue Revolution: fisheries and aquaculture development.
- Yellow Revolution: oilseed cultivation and processing.
Adopt regional social‑welfare models:
- Kerala model: heavy investment in education, primary health, and sanitation to raise human development indices.
Adapt policy over time:
- Evaluate plan outcomes and public needs, shifting emphasis (e.g., agriculture ↔ industry) as required.
- Respond to international context (Cold War influences; post‑1991 liberalisation).

Key debates and concepts

Agriculture vs Industry: whether to prioritise farm productivity and rural employment (e.g., Chaudhary Charan Singh’s perspective) or industrial/technological development (e.g., Nehru and central planners).
Capitalism vs Socialism vs Mixed Economy: India opted for a mixed economy as a pragmatic middle path.
Role of planning: centralised planning via Five‑Year Plans to coordinate scarce resources and set long‑term priorities.

Important terms, programs and institutions

Five‑Year Plans (First Plan: agriculture; Second Plan: industry)
Planning Commission (established 1950)
Bombay Plan (1944)
Kerala Plan / Kerala model (1980s emphasis on social indicators)
White Revolution — AMUL / Verghese Kurien
Green Revolution — HYV seeds (Mexican crosses), fertilizer, irrigation
Blue Revolution — fisheries and aquaculture
Yellow Revolution — oilseeds
1991 economic liberalisation / globalisation shift

Corrections to auto‑generated subtitle errors

“P.C. Malan Buss” → P.C. Mahalanobis (lead economist behind the Second Five‑Year Plan).
“Amal Anand Milk Union Limited” / “Amol” → AMUL (Anand Milk Union Ltd.); leader: Verghese Kurien.
“BALCO” (in subtitle) was a misrecognition — intended reference: the Bombay Plan (the industrialists’ proposal).
Several other names/institutions were slightly corrupted by auto‑transcription; the list above uses corrected spellings.

Speakers / sources cited

Rahul Dwivedi — narrator/teacher (video author).
P.C. Mahalanobis — economist associated with the Second Five‑Year Plan.
Jawaharlal Nehru — Prime Minister advocating industrialisation/modernisation.
Chaudhary Charan Singh — politician advocating an agriculture focus.
Verghese Kurien — AMUL leader of the White Revolution.
Lal Bahadur Shastri — Prime Minister associated with the White Revolution period.
J. R. D. Tata, G. D. Birla, Purshottamdas Thakurdas — industrialists named in the Bombay Plan.
External references: Soviet Union (example of a planned socialist model), United States (example of capitalism), Mexico (source of HYV wheat/rice germplasm).

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