Summary of "Power Sharing | New One Shot Full Chapter | Civics Chapter 1 Class 10th CBSE 2025-26"

Summary of the Video:

Power Sharing | New One Shot Full Chapter | Civics Chapter 1 Class 10th CBSE 2025-26

Main Ideas and Concepts Covered:

Introduction and Context
- The session is a live revision class for Class 10 Civics, Chapter 1: Power Sharing.
- The teacher emphasizes motivation, confidence before exams, and the importance of revision.
- The chapter will be covered fully in one sitting focusing on five main topics, ensuring no questions beyond these will appear in the exam.
Outline of the Chapter: Five Key Topics
- Ethnic Composition of Belgium
- Ethnic Composition of Sri Lanka
- How Sri Lanka dealt with diversity through Majoritarianism
- How Belgium dealt with diversity through Accommodation
- Why Power Sharing is desirable (Moral and Prudential reasons)
- Forms of Power Sharing (Four forms)
Ethnic Composition and Diversity in Belgium
- Belgium has three main linguistic communities: Dutch-speaking (Flemish), French-speaking (Walloon), and a small German-speaking population.
- Flemish (Dutch-speaking) form the majority (~59%), Walloons (French-speaking) about 40%, and Germans about 1%.
- Brussels, the capital, is unique as French speakers are the majority (~80%) despite being a minority nationally.
- This linguistic diversity causes potential tensions but has been managed through Accommodation.
Ethnic Composition and Diversity in Sri Lanka
- Two main groups: Sinhalese (74%) and Tamils (18%, split between Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils).
- Sinhalese are mostly Buddhists; Tamils are Hindus and Muslims; Christians form about 7% and speak both languages.
- The Sinhalese majority adopted a policy of Majoritarianism, causing alienation and conflict with Tamil minorities.
Policy of Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka
- The 1956 Act made Sinhala the sole official language, favored Sinhalese in government jobs and promoted Buddhism as the state religion.
- Tamil demands for autonomy and recognition of Tamil language were ignored.
- Resulted in protests, distrust, and eventually a civil war between Sinhalese and Tamil communities.
- Majoritarianism means majority community rules without regard for minority interests.
Policy of Accommodation in Belgium
- Belgium amended its constitution multiple times (1970-1993) to accommodate linguistic diversity.
- Equal representation of Dutch and French speakers in the central government.
- State governments (Flemish and Walloon regions) have autonomy and are not subordinate to the central government.
- Brussels has a separate government with equal representation for both communities.
- Introduction of a third government form: Community government based on language groups, responsible for culture, education, and language policies.
Why Power Sharing is Desirable
- Moral Reason: Power Sharing is the spirit of democracy; democracy requires participation and legitimacy, which comes from sharing power.
- Prudential Reason: Sharing power reduces conflict, ensures political stability, and prevents tyranny of the majority.
- Tyranny of majority harms both minority and majority in the long run.
Forms of Power Sharing
- Among Different Organs of Government (Horizontal Sharing):
  - Power is divided among legislature, executive, and judiciary at the same level to maintain checks and balances.
- Among Different Levels of Government (Vertical Sharing):
  - Power is shared between central, state, and local governments, promoting federalism.
- Among Different Social Groups:
  - Power shared among linguistic, religious, caste, or regional groups (e.g., community governments in Belgium, reservation for SC/ST/OBC in India).
- Among Different Political Parties, Pressure Groups, and Movements:
  - Coalition governments formed when no single party gets a majority.
  - Pressure groups (farmers, traders) influence policy decisions to protect their interests.
Additional Points
- Decentralization means transferring power from central/state governments to local governments.
- Community governments in Belgium have jurisdiction over language, culture, and education for their respective language groups.
- The importance of celebrating diversity rather than letting it divide society.