Summary of Lakshya Day 4 | NIOS Class 12th Political Science Chapter 24 | Good Governance

Summary of "Lakshya Day 4 | NIOS Class 12th Political Science Chapter 24 | Good Governance"

Main Ideas and Concepts:

1. Introduction to Good Governance
   • Good Governance is about the effective and ethical use of power and authority by the government to provide goods and services that fulfill the needs and aspirations of the common people.
   • It is governance "by the people, for the people, and of the people," emphasizing that the government works for the welfare of its citizens.
2. Definition of Good Governance
   • Use of power and authority by the government to:
     • Provide goods and services.
     • Uphold the common good.
     • Fulfill the needs and aspirations of the common man.
   • Good Governance improves the condition of the common people.
3. Governance vs. Good Governance
   • Governance involves making laws, policies, plans, and projects to run the country.
   • Good Governance occurs when governance is exercised with:
     • People's consent (democratic legitimacy).
     • Legitimacy (legal and rightful authority).
     • Accountability (responsibility for actions and decisions).
4. Three Pillars of Good Governance
   • People's Consent: Government must have the support and approval of the citizens, primarily through free and fair elections.
   • Legitimacy: Actions and policies must be legal and conform to the constitution.
   • Accountability: Government officials and bodies must be answerable for their decisions and actions.
5. Democratic Structure and Accountability
   • India has a parliamentary system where:
     • The President is the nominal (formal) head.
     • The Prime Minister and Council of Ministers hold real executive power.
   • The government is accountable through parliamentary debates, question hours, and motions like no-confidence.
   • Judicial review ensures laws and policies comply with the constitution.
6. Kautilya’s Four Principles of Good Governance
   • Excellent law and order.
   • Administration focused on people's welfare.
   • Governance based on justice and logic (rationality).
   • Corruption-free governance.
7. Indicators and Challenges of Good Governance (Asian Development Bank Report)
   • Full participation of all citizens including women, poor, and marginalized groups.
   • Inclusion, informed citizenry, and accountability.
   • Challenges include:
     • Low voter participation due to lack of voter ID or influence by family heads.
     • Illiteracy and lack of awareness about government policies.
     • Corruption and demand for bribes in public services.
     • Culture of violence disrupting governance.
     • Population growth making governance more complex.
8. People’s Participation in Good Governance
   • Essential for Good Governance.
   • Methods of participation:
     • Voting.
     • Joining NGOs, social organizations, pressure groups, political parties.
     • Participating in local governance (Panchayati Raj).
     • Acting as pressure groups to influence government policies (example: farmers’ protests).
   • Informed and active citizenry leads to a more accountable government.
9. Role of Technology and Transparency
   • Computers and IT enhance transparency and reduce corruption.
   • E-governance speeds up service delivery and reduces manual interference.
   • RTI (Right to Information) Act empowers citizens to seek information about government functioning.
   • Monitoring and assessment of government performance through online portals and reports.
   • Technology fosters openness, innovation, and effective communication between citizens and administration.
10. Obstacles to Good Governance
    • Population growth complicates governance.
    • Corruption undermines trust and efficiency.
    • Culture of violence hampers peace and progress.
11. Summary of Important Questions
    • Major threats to Good Governance: population growth, corruption, and violence.
    • Computers increase transparency in government functioning.

Detailed Bullet Points on Methodologies and Key Lessons:

• Good Governance Requires:
  • Use of power and authority for common good.
  • People's consent through democratic processes.
  • Legitimacy by following laws and constitution.
  • Accountability through parliamentary scrutiny and judicial review.
• Kautilya’s Four Pillars:
  • Law and order must be excellent.
  • Administration must focus on welfare.
  • Governance must be just and logical.
  • Governance must be corruption-free.
• Indicators of Good Governance (from Asian Development Bank):
  • Inclusive participation of all social groups.
  • Awareness and informed citizenry.
  • Accountability mechanisms in place.
• People’s Participation:
  • Voting rights and active engagement.
  • Joining social, political, and pressure groups.
  • Participation in decentralized local governance.
  • Use of protests and pressure to influence government policies.
• Role of Technology:
  • E-governance for efficient service delivery.
  • RTI for transparency and citizen empowerment.
  • Online monitoring and reporting of government work.
• Accountability Mechanisms:
  • Parliamentary debates,

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