Summary of "[M2U2] Cohesión, coherencia y puntuación"
Summary of the Video "[M2U2] Cohesión, coherencia y puntuación"
This video focuses on key textual properties essential for effective writing, specifically within paragraphs and sentences. It explains how to create coherent, cohesive, and well-punctuated texts that fulfill their communicative purpose.
Main Ideas and Concepts
- Textual Properties
Texts must meet certain conditions to make sense and achieve their communicative goals:
- Adequacy: The text must suit its communicative purpose and audience (e.g., academic texts use formal tone and specialized vocabulary).
- Coherence: The text must have an overall meaningful unity where ideas are logically connected without contradictions or gaps.
- Cohesion: The formal linguistic links that connect parts of the text (words, sentences, paragraphs) to maintain clarity and flow.
- Coherence Rules
To ensure Coherence, a text must follow:
- Rule of Non-Contradiction: No implicit or explicit contradictions.
- Rule of Repetition: Key terms should be reiterated to maintain clarity (e.g., repeating "stem cells" when discussing them).
- Rule of Relationship: Elements must be logically related.
- Rule of Progression: New information should build on previous ideas, showing development.
- Cohesion Mechanisms
Cohesion is achieved through linguistic tools such as:
- Connectors: Words or phrases that indicate relationships like causality, addition, opposition, reformulation, or organization.
- Lexical Relations: Maintaining referents using:
- Repetition
- Synonyms (used carefully to avoid meaning shifts)
- Hypernyms (general categories) to avoid redundancy but not too general to lose meaning
- Generalizations (e.g., subject, element)
- Agreement: Ensuring grammatical concordance in gender, number, and person:
- Nominal agreement: between nouns, articles, and adjectives
- Verbal agreement: between verbs and subjects in number and person
- Pronouns: Personal and demonstrative pronouns replace repeated words or phrases to avoid redundancy.
- Punctuation as a Cohesion Tool
Punctuation marks act like traffic signs guiding meaning and structure:
- Poor Punctuation can cause ambiguity or change meaning.
- Punctuation marks are categorized as:
- Primary/Main signs: period, Comma, Semicolon, Colon
- Secondary/Lower-level signs: Quotation marks, parentheses, ellipses, question and exclamation marks
- Use of Primary Punctuation Marks
- Period (Full Stop):
- Delimits sentences and paragraphs.
- Separates main and supporting ideas.
- After a period, start with a capital letter.
- Comma:
- Separates elements within sentences, indicating pauses based on grammatical rules (not just breathing).
- Does not separate the main elements of a sentence (subject, verb, complement).
- Three main types of commas discussed:
- Comma can replace a repeated verb to avoid redundancy.
- Used before adversative conjunctions (but, although) and after connectors (however, therefore).
- Semicolon:
- Intermediate between period and Comma.
- Separates complex enumerations or phrases within sentences.
- Indicates adversative relationships (often with connectors like "however").
- Colon:
- Introduces information that will be developed (explanations, lists).
- Introduces direct quotes, greetings, or headers.
- Period (Full Stop):
- Use of Secondary Punctuation Marks
- Quotation marks: Introduce direct quotes or indicate special meanings.
- Parentheses: Add extra information.
- Question and exclamation marks: Used in Spanish with opening and closing signs for direct questions and exclamations.
- Ellipses: Indicate incomplete lists or omitted parts of quotes, mainly in academic texts.
- Summary of Textual Properties
- They help weave texts that are understandable, grammatically correct, and coherent.
- Cohesion mechanisms and Punctuation marks are essential for maintaining logical relationships and clarity in writing.
Methodology / Instructions for Writing Cohesive and Coherent Texts
- Ensure Adequacy: Tailor your text to the audience and purpose.
- Maintain Coherence:
- Avoid contradictions.
- Repeat key terms appropriately.
Category
Educational
