Summary of Lakshya Day 3 | NIOS Class 12th Political Science Chapter 23 | Environmental Awareness

Summary of "Lakshya Day 3 | NIOS Class 12th Political Science Chapter 23 | Environmental Awareness"

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Main Ideas and Concepts:

1. Introduction to Environment and Environmental Awareness
   • Environment includes all living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things.
   • Awareness means understanding the environment, its components, and the importance of protecting it.
   • The environment is degrading due to human activities, and there is a need to take care of it.
2. Development and Its Impact on Environment
   • Development means fulfilling human needs and making life easier.
   • Resources for development come from nature.
   • Overuse of resources leads to depletion and environmental pollution.
   • Pollution and resource depletion have long-term negative effects, often not immediately visible.
3. Four Major Causes of Environmental Degradation
   • Population Growth: More people increase demand for land, food, clothes, vehicles, and other resources, putting pressure on nature.
   • Pollution: Emissions from vehicles, industries, and waste cause air, water, and soil pollution, leading to climate change and health problems.
   • Industrialization: Industries provide employment but cause pollution (air, water, noise) and degrade the environment.
   • Urbanization: Migration from rural to urban areas leads to expansion of cities, deforestation, and increased pollution.
4. Environmental Awareness and Protection
   • Awareness is crucial for protecting the environment for current and future generations.
   • Pollution effects are often delayed but have widespread impacts.
   • Everyone, regardless of country or wealth, must contribute to environmental protection.
5. Sustainable Development
   • Defined by the Brundtland Commission (1987) as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
   • Key points of sustainable development:
     • Use renewable energy and resources.
     • Recycle waste and use it as raw material.
     • Align production and consumption with real human needs (avoid overproduction and overconsumption).
   • Emphasizes balanced resource use and environmental conservation alongside development.
6. National and International Environmental Efforts
   • National Efforts in India:
     • Policies to conserve, develop, and maintain a safe, healthy, and aesthetically pleasing environment.
     • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for industries to minimize damage.
     • Promotion of eco-friendly technologies and products.
     • Protection of biodiversity through wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, botanical gardens.
     • National Green Tribunal (NGT) for environmental legal matters.
     • Waste management, pollution control (PUC for vehicles), and public liability insurance for industries.
     • River action plans (e.g., Ganga and Yamuna) for cleaning and conservation.
     • Promotion of renewable energy (solar, wind).
   • International Conferences and Protocols:
     • Stockholm Conference (1972) – UN Conference on Human Environment.
     • Rio Conference (1992) – UN Conference on People and Environment.
     • Montreal Protocol – Agreement to protect the ozone layer.
     • Emphasis on climate change, biodiversity, and global cooperation.
7. Environmental Education and Research
   • Importance of educating people about environmental issues.
   • Research to find eco-friendly alternatives and technologies.
   • Encouragement to adopt sustainable lifestyles and reduce pollution.
8. Exam Preparation Tips
   • Revise regularly and learn in points.
   • Understand key concepts rather than memorizing long answers.
   • Focus on major topics like causes of environmental degradation, sustainable development, and national/international efforts.

Detailed Bullet Points of Methodology / Instructions:

• Understanding Environment:
  • Environment = Living (biotic) + Non-living (abiotic) things.
  • Resources from nature are either renewable or non-renewable.
  • Use resources wisely to avoid depletion.
• Causes of Environmental Degradation:
  • Population growth → Increased demand → Pressure on environment.
  • Pollution → Air, water, soil contamination → Climate change.
  • Industrialization → Employment + pollution.
  • Urbanization → Expansion of cities → Deforestation + pollution.
• Sustainable Development Principles:
  • Meet present generation needs without harming future generations.
  • Maximize use of renewable energy.
  • Recycle waste materials into new raw materials.
  • Align production with real human needs to avoid overconsumption.
• National Environmental Protection Measures:
  • Conduct Environmental Impact Assessments before industrial projects.
  • Promote eco-friendly products and technologies.
  • Establish wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and botanical gardens.
  • Implement waste management and pollution control laws.
  • Use renewable energy sources like solar and wind.
  • Enforce laws through National Green Tribunal.
  • Public Liability Insurance for industries to compensate for environmental harm.
• International Environmental Initiatives:
  • Stockholm Conference (1972) – First global environment conference.

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