Summary of Electron Configuration - Basic introduction

Main Ideas and Concepts:

• Understanding Electron Configuration

  Electron Configuration represents the distribution of electrons in an atom's orbitals. The configuration is based on the number of electrons, which corresponds to the atomic number of the element.

• Structure of Electron Shells
  • The first energy level contains the 1s sublevel.
  • The second energy level contains the 2s and 2p sublevels.
  • The third energy level contains the 3s, 3p, and 3d sublevels.
  • The fourth energy level includes 4s, 4p, 4d, and 4f sublevels.
• Filling Order of Electrons

  Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first, following the order of sublevels (s, p, d, f). Each sublevel has a maximum number of electrons it can hold (s=2, p=6, d=10, f=14).

• Writing Electron Configurations

  For neutral atoms, the number of electrons equals the atomic number. For ions, adjust the number of electrons based on the charge (subtract for positive ions, add for negative ions).

Methodology for Writing Electron Configurations:

• For Neutral Atoms
  • Identify the atomic number (number of electrons).
  • Start filling from the lowest energy level (1s) and move up.
  • Example for Nitrogen (7 electrons): 1s² 2s² 2p³ (total = 7 electrons)
• For Aluminum (13 electrons)

  Write configuration as follows: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p¹ (total = 13 electrons)

• For Ions (e.g., Fe²⁺)
  • Determine the number of electrons after accounting for the charge.
  • Start with the Electron Configuration of the neutral atom and then adjust:
  • Fe (26 electrons) → Fe²⁺ (24 electrons)
  • Remove electrons from the highest energy level first.
  • Configuration for Fe²⁺: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d⁶
• For Chloride Ion (Cl⁻)

  Chlorine has 17 electrons; the Chloride Ion has 18. Write configuration directly for 18 electrons: 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ (total = 18 electrons)

Key Points:

• For Transition Metals, always write the configuration of the neutral atom first and then adjust for the ion.
• For non-Transition Metals, you can write the configuration directly for the ion based on the total number of electrons.

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