Summary of "드론 무인멀티콥터 자격시험 필기 기출 ⭐️1시간 합격권 총정리⭐️2025 1월 개정사항 검토완료⭐️"

Summary of Video

드론 무인멀티콥터 자격시험 필기 기출 ⭐️1시간 합격권 총정리⭐️2025 1월 개정사항 검토완료⭐️

This video provides a comprehensive and detailed review of the written test content for the drone unmanned multicopter pilot qualification exam, updated as of January 2025. It covers fundamental concepts of drone components, flight principles, control methods, meteorology, aviation laws, safety, and regulations necessary to pass the exam confidently.

Main Ideas, Concepts, and Lessons

1. Drone Structure and Components

Official term: RPA (Remotely Piloted Aircraft) or RPAAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System).
Types of multicopters by propeller number:
- Tricopter (3)
- Quadcopter (4)
- Hexacopter (6)
- Octocopter (8)
- Dodecacopter (12)
Propellers are made from carbon, plastic, or wood; metals like iron/aluminum are avoided due to weight and safety concerns.
Motors:
- Brushed DC (BCD) vs. Brushless DC (BLDC) motors
- BLDC motors are quieter, more durable, and require an ESC (Electronic Speed Controller).
Battery:
- Lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries are lightweight and have no memory effect.
- Require voltage management: 4.2V full charge, 3.3V minimum discharge.
- Should be stored at 40-50% charge in cool, shaded environments.
Flight Control Unit (FC): The “brain” of the drone, equivalent to a CPU, processes sensor data and controls motors via ESC.
Sensors included in FC:
- Gyro sensor (measures angular velocity, controls attitude)
- Barometric pressure sensor (measures altitude)
- Image sensor (CCD/CMOS)
- Geomagnetic sensor (direction, bearing)
- Acceleration sensor (maintains level, calculates position/speed)
- GPS sensor (navigation, return to home)
- Ultrasonic sensor (detects altitude and obstacles)
- Vision positioning sensor (combines multiple sensors)

2. Flight Principles and Forces

Forces acting on drone:
- Gravity (downward)
- Lift (upward)
- Thrust (forward propulsion)
- Drag (backward resistance)
For stable flight: Lift = Gravity and Thrust = Drag.
Ground effect: Increased lift when propeller airflow reflects off the ground surface.
Flight modes: Manual, Automatic, Attitude Control, GPS Mode, Automatic Return Mode.
Control modes:
- Mode 1 and Mode 2 (differ in stick functions and layout)
- Mode 2 is generally preferred for beginners.
Controls and their functions:
- Elevator (pitch): forward/backward movement
- Throttle: altitude control (up/down)
- Rudder (yaw): rotation left/right
- Aileron (roll): horizontal left/right movement
Motor speed control: To move in a direction, the motor opposite to that direction spins faster.

3. Meteorology and Atmospheric Knowledge

Atmospheric layers:
- Troposphere (weather phenomena)
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere (contains ionosphere for radio waves)
Weather phenomena:
- Precipitation types: snow, hail, drizzle (solid or liquid forms of moisture)
- Wind caused by atmospheric pressure differences (high to low pressure)
- Typhoon = tropical depression; dissipation reverts to tropical depression
Cloud types by altitude:
- High clouds (>6 km): Cirrus, Cirrostratus, Cirrocumulus
- Mid-level clouds (2-6 km): Altocumulus, Altostratus
- Low clouds (<2 km): Stratus, Stratocumulus, Nimbostratus (rain clouds)
- Vertical clouds: Cumulonimbus (storm clouds)
Front types:
- Cold front: cold air pushes under warm air, causing showers
- Warm front: warm air rides over cold air, causing continuous rain
- Stationary front: air masses balanced, causing prolonged weather
- Occluded front: cold front overtakes warm front, only one air mass remains
Fog: Advection fog forms when warm air passes over cold surfaces (sea fog common).
Coriolis force: Caused by Earth’s rotation, deflects moving objects right in Northern Hemisphere, left in Southern Hemisphere; minimal at poles, maximal at equator.

4. Aviation and Flight Mechanics

Lift formula: [ \text{Lift} \propto \text{air density} \times (\text{flight speed})^2 \times \text{lift coefficient} \times \text{wing area} ]
Takeoff distance can be shortened by:
- Using headwind
- Increasing engine thrust
- Reducing aircraft weight
- Using high-lift devices (flaps, slats)
Drag types:
- Pressure drag, friction drag, wave drag, interference drag, shape drag (all parasitic drag)
- Induced drag (related to lift, not parasitic)
Control surfaces of fixed-wing aircraft:
- Primary: Aileron (roll), Elevator (pitch), Rudder (yaw)
- Secondary: Flaps, Spoilers, Balance tabs
Aircraft structures:
- Monocoque: skin carries all load, no internal frame
- Semi-monocoque: skin and internal stringers share load (most common)
- Truss: frame carries load, thin skin, less interior space
Helicopter controls:
- Collective lever: vertical ascent/descent by changing pitch angle of all blades
- Cyclic lever: forward/backward/left/right movement by tilting rotor plane
- Pedals: tail rotor control for rotation (yaw)
Gyroscope and instruments:
- Flight attitude indicator, direction indicator, inclinometer use gyroscopic principles
- Perturbation (gyroscopic precession) explains instrument behavior

5. Drone Battery and Safety

LiPo batteries: thinner, less explosion risk than Li-ion, no memory effect, must manage voltage carefully.
Batteries should be stored at 40-50% charge in cool, shaded places.
Essential battery info: number of cells, capacity, voltage, discharge rate.
Emergency procedures if drone is uncontrollable:
- Alert people
- Call emergency services (119)
- Make emergency landing at safest place

6. Regulations, Certification, and Legal Aspects

Drone defined legally as unmanned aerial vehicle per Aviation Safety Act and Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport regulations.
Operating altitude limit for drones: 150 meters or less.
Pilot certification:
- Minimum age 18 years
- Type 1 unmanned multicopter pilot certificate
- Minimum 100 hours flight time for instructor registration
Ultralight aircraft types: paragliders, gliders, parachutes, powered aircraft, unmanned aircraft, rotary wing aircraft.
Safety certification validity:
- 1 year for commercial use
- 2 years for non-profit use
Reporting requirements:
- Cancellation of ultralight aircraft within 15 days of loss/dismantling
- Changes to aircraft ownership or details to Korea Transportation Safety Authority
Aviation laws:
- Aviation Safety Act (aircraft registration, technical standards, safety)
- Aviation Business Act (transportation, maintenance, leisure sports)
- Airport Facilities Act (airport management and operation)
Controlled airspace levels and restrictions, including no-fly zones and ultralight aircraft restricted zones.
Fines and penalties:
- Flying without pilot certificate: up to 4 million KRW fine
- Violations of pilot compliance (flying others’ drones, lending certificates): up to 3 million KRW
- Flying without safety certification: up to 5 million KRW fine
- Flying under influence of alcohol: imprisonment up to 3 years or fine up to 30 million KRW
International aviation law basis: Convention on International Civil Aviation.

7. Human Factors and Operational Models

SHELL Model (Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware, Liveware Central) explains pilot interaction with aircraft and environment to maximize safety and efficiency.
Pre-flight and post-flight checklists include:
- Propeller condition
- Weather
- Battery
- Equipment
- Flight restrictions
- Inspection of aircraft systems

Detailed Methodologies and Instructions

Battery Storage and Handling

Store LiPo batteries at 40-50% charge.
Keep in shaded, cool environment (18-24°C).
Use fireproof storage bags.
Avoid full charge storage to prevent swelling and capacity loss.

Flight Control Stick Functions (Mode 1 vs Mode 2)

Mode 1:
- Left stick controls elevator (pitch) up/down
- Right stick controls throttle (altitude)
Mode 2:
- Left stick controls throttle (altitude) up/down
- Right stick controls elevator (pitch)
Rudder (yaw) is controlled by right stick left/right in both modes.
Aileron (roll) controls horizontal left/right movement.

Emergency Drone Loss Procedure

Alert nearby people loudly.
Call emergency services (119).
Attempt emergency landing at safest possible location.

Applying for Flight Plan Approval

Include pilot info: name, DOB, contact, license/experience.
Include aircraft info: type, purpose, owner, registration.
Include flight plan details: time, duration, area, altitude, route, purpose.
Passenger info (name, DOB, address) required but no license needed.

Ultralight Aircraft Pilot Training Institute Requirements

At least one office, one classroom, one takeoff/landing facility, and one training flight device.
Submit documents on professional instructors, training facilities, plans, and regulations (cost info not required).

Safety Evaluation and Test Flight Permit Application

Attach photos of aircraft.
Maintenance and adjustment procedure documents.
Proof of conformity to design and technical standards.
Performance test results.
Test flight plan.

Pre-flight Checklist

Check propeller installation and damage.
Verify weather conditions (no night flight).
Confirm battery charge and equipment status.
Confirm flight approval if near restricted zones (e.g., within 9.3 km of airports).

Post-flight Checklist

Inspect aircraft and equipment for abnormalities.
Follow manufacturer/operator checklist.

Key Terms and Concepts to Memorize

RPA / RPAAS terminology
Sensor types and functions (gyro, barometric, GPS, ultrasonic, etc.)
Flight forces: gravity, lift, thrust, drag
Flight modes and control modes (manual, automatic, attitude, GPS, return)
Control stick functions in Mode 1 and Mode 2
Atmospheric pressure units: atm, inHg, torr, mm water column, Pascal
Cloud types and weather fronts (cold, warm, stationary, occluded)
Lift formula and factors affecting lift
Types of drag (parasitic vs induced)
Aircraft structural types: monocoque, semi-monocoque, truss
SHELL model components
Aviation laws and regulations (Aviation Safety Act, Business Act, Airport Facilities Act)
Penalties and fines related to drone operation violations
Controlled airspace levels and restrictions
Battery characteristics and safety
Emergency procedures for drone malfunctions
Pilot certification and training requirements

Speakers / Sources Featured

Primary Speaker: The video is presented by a single instructor (name not specified) who explains the drone exam content in Korean with detailed narration and visual aids.
Referenced Authorities:
- Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Korea)
- Korea Transportation Safety Authority
- ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)
- Dr. Frank Hawkins (SHELL Model originator)

This summary captures the core knowledge, technical details, regulatory information, and practical instructions necessary for the drone unmanned multicopter qualification exam as presented in the video.