Summary of Вступ. «Довге» ХІХ століття: доба модернізації та національного відродження в Європі

Summary of Video:

Вступ. «Довге» ХІХ століття: доба модернізації та національного відродження в Європі

This educational video lesson for ninth graders focuses on the history of Ukraine during the "long 19th century," a period marked by modernization and national revival within Europe and specifically Ukraine. It explores the decline of old Ukrainian political structures, the impact of imperial domination, and the gradual emergence of Ukrainian national consciousness amid broader European transformations.

Main Ideas and Concepts:

  1. Historical Context and Territorial Changes:
    • The late 18th and 19th centuries saw the destruction of Ukrainian statehood by powerful empires:
      • The Russian Empire ended the Hetmanate (1781).
      • Russia annexed southern Ukraine after Russo-Turkish wars, ending the Crimean Khanate (1781).
      • The three partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795) divided Ukrainian lands among Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
      • Austrian Empire controlled Eastern Galicia and Bukovina; Russian Empire controlled Right Bank Ukraine.
    • Ukrainian lands were divided between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires, which imposed colonial policies limiting Ukrainian economic and cultural development.
  2. The "Long 19th Century" and Modernization:
    • Defined by rapid technological progress, democratic reforms, and the spread of industrial society in Europe.
    • American historian McNeil’s view: the West’s history merged with world history during this period, making European modernization a global benchmark.
    • Modernization involved transforming agrarian, illiterate societies into industrial, educated, politically active ones with broader economic freedoms.
    • Key processes:
      • Industrial Revolution: shift from manual to machine production.
      • Emergence of new social groups: industrial bourgeoisie (entrepreneurs), intelligentsia (intellectuals), and industrial workers.
      • Political changes: rise of constitutional monarchies and republics.
      • Technological and social innovations: telephone, telegraph, cinema, electric lighting, improved medical care, and education.
      • National revival and awakening of national consciousness across Europe.
  3. Modernization and National Revival in Ukrainian Lands:
    • Modernization was slower and less complete in Ukrainian territories due to imperial colonial policies and serfdom lasting until mid-19th century (Austrian serfdom abolished 1848, Russian 1861).
    • Industrialization was delayed and focused on supplying imperial needs; Ukrainian entrepreneurs were fewer, with many industries dominated by Russians, Poles, Germans, Jews, or Greeks.
    • Majority of Ukrainians remained peasants, preserving traditional lifestyles and national identity despite modernization pressures.
    • Ukrainian national revival was a key phenomenon of the 19th century, occurring despite statelessness and imperial divisions.
  4. Role of the Intelligentsia:
    • Intelligentsia was crucial in preserving and promoting Ukrainian culture and national identity.
    • In Russian-controlled Ukraine, the intelligentsia faced Russification and often compromised with imperial authorities.
    • In Austrian-controlled Western Ukraine, national activity was more permitted; Ukrainian schools and bilingual education existed.
    • The Greek Catholic Church helped foster Ukrainian national identity in Galicia.
    • The national intelligentsia emerged as a new social stratum in the 19th century, helping to preserve traditions and promote revival.
  5. Stages of Ukrainian National Revival:
    • First stage (Academic/Scientific): Early 19th century to 1840s; focus on collecting folklore, publishing works in Ukrainian (e.g., Ivan Kotlyarevsky’s Aeneid), and scholarly research revealing Ukrainian distinctiveness.
    • Second stage (Cultural/Ukrainophile): 1840s to 1890s; growth of cultural institutions, publishing houses, museums, and spreading national consciousness among educated Ukrainians.
    • Third stage (Political): 1890s to 1914; emergence of Ukrainian national political parties and mass political movements demanding autonomy or independence, starting in Galicia and spreading to Dnieper Ukraine.
  6. Historiographical Perspectives:
    • Historian Ivan Lysiak Rudnytsky divides the 19th century Ukrainian history into three eras:
      • Gentry era: Dominated by nobility of Cossack and Polish-Ukrainian origin.
      • Populist era: Democratic intelligentsia focused on serving the people.
      • Modernist era: National movement spreading among the masses.
    • These stages reflect the development of Ukrainian society and national consciousness under imperial rule.
  7. Imperial Impact and Legacy:
    • Russian and Austrian empires imposed systems that ignored Ukrainian historical traditions.
    • Ukrainians were exploited economically and culturally subordinated.
    • Despite this, Ukrainian national identity survived and developed through cultural and political efforts.

Notable Quotes

— 10:19 — « The victory or defeat of a national project depends on the intelligentsia. »
— 14:00 — « At the first stage, Ukrainians as a separate ethnic group become the object of attention of a small group of educated people who collect and publish Ukrainian folk songs, fairy tales, legends, research customs and beliefs, write historical treatises and works of art. »
— 15:30 — « The historian distinguishes the period of Ukrainian history in the 19th century into three periods: the gentry, populist and modernist era. »
— 15:45 — « At the second stage, the democratic intelligentsia, dominated by the idea of serving the people. »
— 16:54 — « Both empires, the Russian and the Austrian, use Ukrainians for their great imperial goals. »

Category

Educational

Summarize another video

Video