Summary of Uttarakhand Lekhpal Patvari Bharti 2025 : Indian Polity ( भारतीय राज्यव्यवस्था ) Lec 02 #uksssc

Summary of the Video: Uttarakhand Lekhpal Patwari Bharti 2025 - Indian Polity (भारतीय राज्यव्यवस्था) Lec 02 #uksssc

This video is a detailed lecture focused on the Indian Polity section of the Uttarakhand Lekhpal and Patwari recruitment exam syllabus, specifically covering the concepts of Fundamental Rights as outlined in the Indian Constitution. It is the second class in a series, building on the first class which covered the features of the Indian Constitution.

Main Ideas and Concepts Covered:

1. Introduction and Context

Recruitment for 416 posts of Lekhpal and Patwari in Uttarakhand.
This lecture series is useful for various exams in Uttarakhand.
The methodology: theory explanation followed by related questions for better understanding and memorization.

2. Fundamental Rights: Definition and History

Fundamental Rights are essential rights necessary for a person’s survival, acquired at birth.
Originated in England (Magna Carta, 1215) and first codified in the American Constitution.
Indian Constitution adopted many Fundamental Rights from the American Constitution.
Historical milestones:
- 1931 Karachi Congress session demanded Fundamental Rights for Indians.
- Government of India Act gave limited Fundamental Rights.
- Constituent Assembly committees (Fundamental Rights Committee chaired by Vallabhbhai Patel; Sub-Committee chaired by JP Kripalani) formulated the rights.
Included in Part III of the Constitution (Articles 12 to 35), with Articles 14 to 32 detailing the Fundamental Rights.

3. Key Articles Related to Fundamental Rights

Article 12: Definition of "State" for applying Fundamental Rights.
Article 13: Laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights are void (Supreme Court’s Kesavananda Bharati case and the Basic Structure doctrine).
Article 33: Restriction of rights for armed forces and intelligence personnel.
Article 34: Suspension of rights during military rule.
Article 35: Parliament’s exclusive power to make laws related to Fundamental Rights.

4. Number and Changes in Fundamental Rights

Originally 7 Fundamental Rights; now 6 after the 44th Constitutional Amendment.
Right to Property (Article 31) was removed as a fundamental right and made a legal right under Article 300A.
Explanation of difference between Fundamental Rights (direct access to Supreme Court and High Courts; protected by writs) and Legal Rights (hierarchical court access starting from District Court).

5. Applicability of Fundamental Rights

Some Fundamental Rights (Articles 15, 16, 19, 29, 30) are available only to Indian citizens.
Others are available to both Indians and foreigners residing in India.

6. The Six Fundamental Rights (Mnemonic Provided)

A mnemonic to remember the six Fundamental Rights:
"Equality itself is against exploitation. Provides constitutional status to religion, education and culture."

The rights and their article ranges:

Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)
Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)
Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)
Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

7. Detailed Explanation of Each Fundamental Right

Right to Equality (14-18): Equality before law; prohibition of discrimination on grounds of caste, religion, sex, birthplace; abolition of untouchability; abolition of titles.
Right to Freedom (19-22): Six freedoms including speech and expression, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession; protection in criminal cases; right to life and personal liberty (Article 21); right to education (Article 21A).
Right Against Exploitation (23-24): Prohibition of forced labor, human trafficking, and child labor under 14 years in hazardous jobs.
Right to Freedom of Religion (25-28): Freedom to practice, propagate religion; tax exemption for religious institutions; no religious instruction in state-funded schools.
Cultural and Educational Rights (29-30): Rights of minorities to preserve culture, language, and establish educational institutions.
Right to Constitutional Remedies (32): Supreme Court as protector of Fundamental Rights; power to issue writs.

8. Important Constitutional Amendments and Laws

44th Amendment: Removed Right to Property from Fundamental Rights.
86th Amendment (2002): Made Right to Education (6-14 years) a fundamental right (Article 21A).
Right to Education