Summary of "Equivalence Orientations or Types in Translation"

Summary of Main Ideas

The video discusses the concept of equivalence orientation in translation, emphasizing that while achieving perfect equivalence between a source text and a target text is idealistic, it is not always realistic. Translators must prioritize specific types of equivalence, which influences their translation approach, the size of translation units, and the procedures they apply.

Key Concepts

Equivalence in Translation:
- The goal of translation is equivalence, which refers to the correspondence between the source and target texts.
- Perfect equivalence at all levels is unattainable; thus, translators need to select which type of equivalence to prioritize.
Types of Equivalence:
- Formal Equivalence:
  - Focuses on the form and structure of the source text.
  - The target text should closely match the source text in both form and content.
  - Associated with literal translation approaches.
- Dynamic Equivalence:
  - Emphasizes the effect on the target text reader.
  - The goal is for the target text readers to experience the text as the source text readers did.
  - Associated with natural and idiomatic expression, and a freer translation approach.
- Cognitive Equivalence:
  - Focuses on conveying the same content and information from the source text to the target text.
  - Considered essential for effective translation.
Alignment with Language Functions:
- The three equivalence types correlate with primary language functions identified by Carl Bühler:
  - Expressive Function: Related to Formal Equivalence (expressing ideas/emotions).
  - Informative Function: Related to Cognitive Equivalence (conveying information).
  - Vocative Function: Related to Dynamic Equivalence (persuading or eliciting a reaction).
Example of Formal Equivalence:
- The video references a poem by Vicente Huidobro titled "La Capilla" to illustrate the importance of Formal Equivalence, especially in texts where language forms play a crucial role, such as visual poetry.

Methodology/Instructions

When translating, consider the following steps:
- Determine the primary goal of the translation (equivalence type).
- Choose the type of equivalence to prioritize based on the text's purpose:
  - Formal Equivalence for texts where form is crucial.
  - Dynamic Equivalence for texts aimed at eliciting a specific reader response.
  - Cognitive Equivalence for texts where conveying the same information is essential.
- Apply the chosen equivalence orientation to guide your translation approach and procedures.

Featured Speakers/Sources

Eugene Nida: Translator and translation theorist known for defining formal and Dynamic Equivalence.
Peter Newmark: Translation theorist who introduced Cognitive Equivalence.
Carl Bühler: Identified primary language functions relevant to translation.
Vicente Huidobro: Chilean poet whose work illustrates the importance of Formal Equivalence in translation.