Summary of "GREEN CHEMISTRY & NANO CHEMISTRY IN 1 SHOT | Chemistry | Class12th | Maharashtra Board"

Summary of the Video: "Green Chemistry & Nano Chemistry IN 1 SHOT | Chemistry | Class12th | Maharashtra Board"

Main Ideas and Concepts Covered:

1. Introduction to Green Chemistry and Nano Chemistry

Importance of the chapter for board exams and competitive exams (MST CET).
Real-life relevance of Green Chemistry and Nano Chemistry.
Examples of chemical disasters (Bhopal gas tragedy) and environmental impact (pollution near Taj Mahal) to highlight the need for sustainable and safer chemical practices.

2. Environmental Impact of Chemistry

Chemistry has both beneficial and harmful effects.
Examples of harmful effects include industrial accidents, pollution affecting monuments and ecosystems.
Chemistry is indispensable in daily life (medicines, toothpaste, technology).
Green Chemistry aims to reduce the harmful effects while retaining benefits.

3. Definition of Environment and Pollution

Environment divided into:
- Biotic components (living: producers, consumers, decomposers).
- Abiotic components (non-living: air, water, temperature, pH).
Pollution defined as the addition of unwanted pollutants (air, water, noise).

4. Green Chemistry

Defined as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate hazardous substances.
Introduced by Paul T. Anastas (Father of Green Chemistry).
Emphasizes sustainable development: meeting present needs without compromising future generations.

5. 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (Detailed Explanation)

1. Prevention of Waste: Avoid creating waste rather than treating it later. Example: Zero waste technology in thermal power plants (using bottom ash for cement/bricks, recycling coolant water).
2. Atom Economy: Maximize incorporation of atoms from reactants into the final product; minimize by-products. Formula: % Atom Economy = (Formula weight of desired product / Sum of formula weights of all reactants) × 100 Example calculation provided with butanol to bromo butane conversion.
3. Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses: Design safer synthesis routes to minimize hazardous waste.
4. Designing Safer Chemicals: Develop products that are less toxic to nature.
5. Use of Safer Solvents: Prefer environmentally benign solvents (e.g., water, supercritical CO2) over harmful organic solvents like benzene, chloroform.
6. Design for Energy Efficiency: Carry out reactions at ambient temperature/pressure or use catalysts to reduce energy consumption.
7. Use of Renewable Feedstocks: Use raw materials that are renewable (not petroleum-based).
8. Reduce Derivatives: Minimize the use of unnecessary steps or protective groups to save energy and resources. Example: Protection and de-protection of aniline for selective bromination.
9. Use of Catalysts: Catalysts speed up reactions and reduce energy usage. Examples: Nickel for hydrogenation, iron/molybdenum for Haber’s process, Ziegler-Natta catalyst for polymerization.
10. Design for Degradation: Create chemicals that degrade into non-toxic products after use (plastic is a negative example).
11. Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention: Develop analytical methods to monitor and control hazardous substances during production.
12. Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention: Develop low-risk processes to avoid industrial accidents.

6. Nano Chemistry

Nano Definition: Scale of 10⁻⁹ meters.
Nano Science: Study and manipulation of materials at atomic/molecular scales with unique properties.
Nanotechnology: Design, production, and application of nanoscale structures.
Nanomaterials: Materials with at least one dimension in the nanoscale (up to 100 nm).
Examples of sizes of various objects from molecules to cells, viruses, and everyday objects.

7. Dimensions of Nanostructures

Zero Dimension: All three dimensions in nanoscale (e.g., Nanoparticles, quantum dots).
One Dimension: Two dimensions in nanoscale, one larger (e.g., Nanotubes, nanowires).
Two Dimension: One dimension in nanoscale, two larger (e.g., thin films, coatings).

8. Properties of Nanoparticles

Optical Properties: Color changes at nanoscale (e.g., gold Nanoparticles appear red instead of yellow).
Surface Area: Smaller particles have larger surface area, increasing catalytic activity.
Thermal Properties: Melting point varies with size (e.g., sodium clusters).
Mechanical Properties: Nano-sized metals can be much harder than bulk metals.
Electrical Conductivity: Changes at nanoscale (e.g., carbon Nanotubes conduct electricity unlike other carbon allotropes).