Summary of Thyroid gland anatomy & physiology in Hindi || functions || structure || hormones || parathyroid

Scientific Concepts and Discoveries

Thyroid Gland Anatomy and Physiology:
- The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland shaped like a butterfly, located in the front of the neck.
- It weighs approximately 20-40 grams and measures about 5 cm in length and 1 cm in width.
- The size of the thyroid gland is generally larger in females compared to males.
Thyroid Hormones:
- The gland produces hormones such as Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3), which are crucial for regulating metabolism.
- Hormone production is stimulated by signals from the hypothalamus and is regulated by feedback mechanisms in the bloodstream.
Metabolic Functions:
- The Thyroid Hormones increase metabolic rate, protein synthesis, and the breakdown of carbohydrates and fats for energy.
- They play a significant role in the growth and development of the nervous system and skeletal muscles.
Iodine Deficiency:
- Iodine is essential for the production of Thyroid Hormones; deficiency can lead to an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) as the gland attempts to compensate for low hormone levels.
Parathyroid Gland:
- The parathyroid glands, located on the posterior side of the thyroid gland, regulate calcium levels in the blood.
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases calcium levels by enhancing absorption from the intestines and kidneys and by mobilizing calcium from bones.
Calcitonin:
- Released by the thyroid gland, Calcitonin works to decrease blood calcium levels, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone.

Hormone Release and Feedback Mechanism:
- The release of Thyroid Hormones is stimulated by the hypothalamus and regulated through a feedback loop that maintains blood hormone levels.
- Increased levels of T3 and T4 lead to reduced stimulation from the hypothalamus, while decreased levels trigger more hormone release.