Summary of "EQUILÍBRIO ÁCIDO - BASE (FISIOLOGIA HUMANA) - FISIOLOGIA DE GUYTON - SISTEMA TAMPÃO - FISIOLOGIA"

Main Ideas and Concepts

Introduction to Acid-Base Balance:
The video focuses on the physiological mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance in the human body, particularly through renal and respiratory systems. The importance of maintaining homeostasis, specifically the blood pH range of 7.35 to 7.45, is emphasized.
Definitions:
- Acidosis: A condition where blood pH falls below 7.35.
- Alkalosis: A condition where blood pH rises above 7.45.
The body strives to maintain a balance between these two extremes.
Key Components Influencing Acid-Base Balance:
- Hydrogen ions (H+): Increased levels lead to Acidosis.
- Bicarbonate (HCO3-): Increased levels lead to Alkalosis.
- Carbon Dioxide (pCO2): High levels contribute to Acidosis; low levels contribute to Alkalosis.
Types of Acidosis and Alkalosis:
- Metabolic Acidosis: Caused by increased H+ concentration.
- Metabolic Alkalosis: Caused by decreased H+ concentration and increased bicarbonate.
- Respiratory Acidosis: Caused by increased pCO2 levels.
- Respiratory Alkalosis: Caused by decreased pCO2 levels.
Body's Mechanisms for Maintaining Balance:
- Buffer Systems: The body uses buffer systems in body fluids to neutralize excess acids or bases.
- Respiratory Regulation:
  - Increased pCO2 due to hypoventilation leads to respiratory Acidosis; the body compensates by inducing breathing to expel CO2.
  - Decreased pCO2 due to hyperventilation leads to respiratory Alkalosis; the body compensates by reducing breathing.
- Renal Regulation:
  - In metabolic Acidosis, kidneys excrete H+ and reabsorb bicarbonate.
  - In metabolic Alkalosis, kidneys retain H+ and excrete bicarbonate.

Methodology / Instructions

Step-by-Step Regulation:
1. Increased H+ (Acidosis):
  - Body conjugates H+ with bicarbonate to form carbonic acid.
  - Carbonic acid dissociates into CO2 and water.
2. Increased Bicarbonate (Alkalosis):
  - Body conjugates bicarbonate with H+ to form carbonic acid.
  - Carbonic acid dissociates into CO2 and water.
3. Respiratory Response:
  - High pCO2: Increase ventilation to expel CO2.
  - Low pCO2: Decrease ventilation to retain CO2.
4. Renal Response:
  - In Acidosis: Excrete H+ and reabsorb bicarbonate.
  - In Alkalosis: Retain H+ and excrete bicarbonate.