برنامه‌نویسی به زبان پایتون |‌ Command-Line Crash Course

Main ideas / lessons

• You’re transitioning from learning filesystem structure to learning how to use a terminal/command line to perform common file and directory tasks.
• The session focuses on a small, essential set of commands sufficient to continue learning later (more commands will come in the Linux course).
• Don’t expect mastery immediately: the presenter emphasizes that being slow/confused at first is normal; repeated practice will build confidence.
• Using the terminal is efficient and flexible:
  • Faster than GUI work (keyboard-only workflow instead of switching between mouse and keyboard).
  • Customizable later to fit your needs.
  • Enables automation via scripting (useful for repetitive tasks).

Method / instruction list

Part 1: Navigate the filesystem (key commands)

• cd — change directory
• ls — list directory contents (folders/files in the current path)
• pwd — print working directory (show exactly where you are)

Common navigation tasks

• Check your current location:
  • Run pwd
• List what’s in the current folder:
  • Run ls

Move to another folder

• Relative navigation (paths based on your current location):
  • Example pattern: cd <folderName>
  • Example shown: cd Desktop (after being in “home”)
• Absolute navigation (paths from the root using /):
  • Example pattern: cd /<full/path/from/root>

Backtracking / moving upward in directories

• cd .. — go back one directory (parent)
• Limit note: you can’t go “above” the root directory.

Return to the home directory (3 ways shown)

• cd ~ (tilde means home)
• cd /Users/<username> (explicit absolute path using your username)
• cd with no arguments (defaults to home)

Common mistakes & how to avoid them

• If you mistype a directory name (e.g., wrong spelling), you’ll get an error like “No such file or directory”.
• Use autocomplete with Tab:
  • Type the beginning of a folder/file name, then press Tab
  • If multiple matches exist, pressing Tab cycles/options are shown.
• Multi-level jumps without intermediate cd:
  • Use paths directly like cd Desktop/Images (faster and less error-prone than step-by-step)

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Part 2: Work with files and directories

The presenter switches into a temp directory (for a clean workspace) and demonstrates create/remove/copy/move/rename.

1) Create directories

• Use mkdir
  • (Subtitles show it as something like “emk dir” / “omdir”.)
  • Example pattern: mkdir temp
  • Example pattern: mkdir <folderName>
• Verify with ls

2) Create files

• Use touch to create an empty file (or update timestamp)
  • Example pattern: touch <fileName>

3) Delete files and directories

• Delete a file:
  • Use rm <file>
• Delete a directory recursively:
  • Use rm -r <directory>
  • This is necessary because directories may contain files/subfolders.

Irreversibility warning: Deletion with rm is not reversible (not like a recycle bin).

• Safer deletion of only-empty directories:
  • Use rmdir
  • Behavior: deletes a directory only if it is empty
  • If the directory contains items, it will refuse to delete and report it’s not empty.

4) Copy files and directories

• Use cp to copy from one location to another:
  • General form: cp <source> <destination>
  • Source and destination can be absolute or relative paths
• Copying example concept shown:
  • Copy a file to another directory (e.g., desktop)
  • Verify by listing the destination and checking the file exists
• Copying within the same location:
  • You can copy without changing directories by using paths/targets appropriately.

5) Move files and rename

• Use mv for:
  • Moving files between directories
  • Renaming by specifying a new name in the destination
• Key behavior explained:
  • mv to another directory typically moves the file (optionally with a new name).
  • If you “move” within the same directory with a different name, it acts like a rename.

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Additional helpful commands (workflow comfort)

• history — shows previously used commands
  • Useful to repeat commands without retyping.
• Command recall with arrows:
  • Use Up/Down arrow keys to retrieve previous commands.
• clear — clears the terminal screen visually
  • Does not erase command history permanently; scrollback may still show past commands.

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Download commands mentioned (future use)

• wget — download files from the web (mentioned as used later in installations)
• curl — another web download/transfer tool (often appears in setup instructions)

Presenter’s instruction: Expect to see wget/curl later when installing tools like KDE or VS Code. Copy/paste their commands from the internet into the terminal to download required files.

Overall takeaway

• Mastery comes from practice, not from first-time perfection.
• Learn core navigation + file operations early:
  • pwd, ls, cd
  • mkdir, touch, rm, rmdir, cp, mv
  • Plus productivity: history, arrow-key recall, clear
• Understand path concepts (relative vs absolute; .., and the current directory implied in explanation) and leverage Tab autocomplete to avoid typos.

Speakers / sources featured

• Single unnamed instructor/presenter (the narrator/teacher in the video).