REPORTED SPEECH - PENGGUNAAN DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH - RUMUS DAN CONTOH

Main ideas / lessons

• The video explains reported speech (often called direct vs. indirect speech).
• Direct speech: the speaker’s words are repeated word-for-word with no changes.
• Indirect speech (reported speech): another person reports what was said; the sentence typically changes (e.g., pronouns, tenses, time expressions, and some wording).

Key concepts with examples

1) Direct vs. Indirect (core difference)

• Direct speech example (structure idea):

  • Udin said to Beni: “I am hungry.”
  • Reported as direct: “Udin: I am hungry.”

• Indirect speech:

  • Benny reports to Edo what Udin said, so:
  • indirect becomes something like: “Udin said that he was hungry.”

• Common transformation theme: indirect speech often uses “said/told/asked + that/what/where…” and changes tense.

2) Changing wording in indirect speech (example: giving something)

• Direct:
  • Yani says: “I will give you a pen.”
• Indirect:
  • Yani said that she would give him/her a pen.

Lesson: “will” usually shifts to “would” in reported speech.

Methodology / instruction list: How to change Direct → Indirect Speech

A) Identify the sentence type in the direct speech and apply the correct connector + structure

1) Commands / Prohibitions

• Use the verb “to” pattern in reported form after a reporting verb (e.g., asked/told/commanded), plus the correct negation form.

• Command (positive)

  • Direct: “Open the door!”
  • Indirect: “… asked me to open the door.”
  • Instruction: Add “to” before the quoted action.

• Prohibition (negative)

  • Direct: “Don’t open the door!”
  • Indirect: “… asked me not to open the door.”
  • Instruction: Change “don’t” → “not to”.

2) Statement sentences

• Use the conjunction “that” before the reported clause.

• Direct: “I will go to Lampung.”

• Indirect: “Khansa said to his friend that she would go to Lampung.”

• Instruction: insert “that.”

3) Question sentences

• Use a question word (e.g., what, where, who, when, why, how) as a connector.

• Direct: “Where do you live?”

• Indirect: “Mr. Ali asked me where I lived.”
• Instruction: replace the question form with a reported clause using the question word (no direct question punctuation).

B) Change tenses (tense shifting rules)

The video provides common tense-conversion patterns for Direct → Indirect:

1. Simple Present → Simple Past

   • Direct: “I buy/bought…”
   • Indirect: “… he/they bought …”
   • (Rule stated in the video: present verb form changes to past verb.)

2. Present Continuous → Past Continuous

   • Direct uses: am/is/are + V-ing
   • Indirect uses: was/were + V-ing
   • Example idea: “I am buying…” → “He was buying…”

3. Present Perfect → Past Perfect

   • Direct: have/has + past participle
   • Indirect: had + past participle
   • Example idea: “I have bought…” → “He said that he had bought…”

4. Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous

   • Direct: have been + V-ing
   • Indirect: had been + V-ing
   • Example idea: “I have been buying since 06.00” → “had been buying since 06.00”

5. Simple Past → Past Perfect

   • Direct: V2 (past form)
   • Indirect: had + V3
   • Example idea: “I bought…” → “he had bought…”

6. Simple Future → Future in the Past

   • Direct: will + V1
   • Indirect: would + V1
   • Example idea: “I will buy…” → “he would buy…”

7. Future Continuous → Future Continuous in the Past

   • Direct: will be + V-ing
   • Indirect: would be + V-ing
   • Example idea: “I will be buying…” → “he would be buying…”

Memory trick emphasized by the video

• If the direct speech is in a present form → convert to past.
• If the direct speech is already in a past form → convert to past perfect.
• (Then the video lists the specific mappings above.)

C) Change time expressions in indirect speech

Time indicators change when reporting:

• today → the day
• now → then
• yesterday → the day before
• days ago → days before
• last week → the week before
• next year → the following year
• tomorrow → the next day / the following day
• this → that
• these → those

(The video summarizes this as: “time information also changes” in indirect speech.)

Speakers / sources featured

• Putri Ardiva (speaker/presenter of the video)
• Background audio/music and on-screen credits (not a person, no additional named source)