Sistem & Akumulasi Biaya

Main ideas / lessons (cost accounting focus)

1. Cost system = an information system

   • A cost system is described as coordinated records and reporting forms used to produce cost information for management.
   • It covers costs across production and non-production activities and supports preparation of financial reports.

2. Two cost systems

   • Actual / Historical cost system
     • Costs of products/orders/services are charged after the activities occur (at the end of the accounting period).
     • Key point: you calculate actual product cost only after completion.
     • Pro: accurate for what happened.
     • Con: cannot analyze early whether costs will spike during the process.
   • Predetermined cost system (standard costs)
     • Product/service costs are determined in advance (before production/service occurs).
     • Key point: enables budgeting/prediction and analysis.
     • Variance concept: at period end, compare predetermined vs. actual to find variance (difference/gap).
     • Benefit: helps budgeting, evaluation, and potential cost reduction.

3. How to determine cost of goods sold (COGS): two costing methods

   • Full costing
     • Product cost includes all production costs, both:
       • Direct raw materials
       • Direct labor
       • Variable overhead
       • Fixed overhead
     • Fixed overhead is treated as part of cost of goods manufactured / inventory costs, hence included in cost of goods reported.
   • Variable costing
     • Product cost includes only variable production costs.
     • Fixed overhead is not included in product cost; treated as period cost and charged to the income statement outside COGS.

4. Cost accumulation methods (to measure cost by unit/time)

   • Two methods in cost accounting:
     • Job/Order costing (cost accumulation by orders)
       • Collect costs for each order/contract separately.
       • Suitable for non-continuous production (e.g., construction, printing, catering, furniture).
     • Process costing (cost accumulation by process/time)
       • Collect costs for each unit of time (daily/weekly/monthly).
       • Suitable for continuous production (manufacturing that keeps running).

5. Manufacturing cost flow & cost cycle (inventory and COGS)

   • Manufacturing input → processing → output involves:
     • Raw materials
     • Work in process (WIP / PDP—process products)
     • Finished goods
   • The video emphasizes:
     • Cost of goods manufactured (COGM) relates to production within the period.
     • COGS relates to what is sold within the period.
   • It notes COGM and COGS are affected by:
     • Beginning and ending inventories of WIP and finished goods.

6. Journaling / recording structure for manufacturing

   • Uses a “T-account / journal entry” style cycle:
     • Record purchases/usage of materials and auxiliary materials
     • Record direct labor payable, then allocate to WIP/PDP
     • Record overhead (factory overhead) into WIP/PDP using control accounts
     • Transfer WIP to finished goods when production completes
     • Transfer finished goods to COGS upon sale
   • The example walk-through includes calculating totals like:
     • ending WIP
     • ending finished goods
     • resulting COGS

7. Reports: Profit and Loss, COGM/COGS reports

   • Cost results ultimately feed into financial statements:
     • Income statement (profit & loss)
     • Balance sheet
     • Cash flow
   • For manufacturing, it focuses on:
     • COGM report
     • COGS report
   • Profit & loss structure described:
     • Sales
     • Less COGS → Gross profit
     • Less operating expenses → Operating profit
     • Add/less other income/expenses
     • Add/less interest
     • Tax (stated as often 30% in examples)
     • → Net profit

8. Auxiliary materials and inventory carryover

   • Auxiliary materials may exist in beginning and ending inventory, not fully consumed in the period.
   • Any remaining auxiliary materials are carried forward to the next period to ensure production readiness.

9. Complex allocation example using percentages

   • Another example involves splitting costs between:
     • factory vs. non-factory
     • costs recorded in production (PDP) vs. recorded in profit & loss
   • Percentages are applied (e.g., electricity/telephone, depreciation, office equipment, honorarium).
   • Key lesson: apply the given allocation percentages to determine where each cost belongs.

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Methodology / instruction-style bullets (what to do)

A) Choose a cost system

• If using Actual/Historical:
  • Record costs when incurred.
  • Compute product cost after production completes.
• If using Predetermined/Standard:
  • Set expected (standard) costs before production.
  • After the period ends, compute variance = actual − predetermined.

B) Choose a costing method for COGS/production costs

• If using Full costing:
  • Include fixed overhead in product cost.
  • Fixed overhead becomes part of inventory/COGM and thus affects COGS when sold.
• If using Variable costing:
  • Include only variable overhead in product cost.
  • Treat fixed overhead as period expense (outside COGS).

C) Choose a cost accumulation method

• If products are made by separate jobs/orders:
  • Use job/order costing.
  • Accumulate costs per each order/contract.
• If products are produced continuously:
  • Use process costing.
  • Accumulate costs by time period and/or process stage.

D) Follow the manufacturing cost flow (cycle)

• Start with raw material resources.
• Charge:
  • Direct materials into WIP/PDP
  • Direct labor into WIP/PDP
  • Overhead into WIP/PDP
• Then:
  • Transfer total WIP/PDP completed into Finished Goods
  • When sold, transfer to COGS
• Ensure inventory accounts are updated using:
  • beginning vs ending inventories to determine:
    • COGM
    • COGS

E) Build the required reports

• Prepare COGM:
  • incorporate production costs and adjust by WIP beginning/ending.
• Prepare COGS:
  • adjust COGM by finished goods beginning/ending.
• Prepare Profit & Loss:
  • Sales
  • − COGS → gross profit
  • − operating expenses (+/- other income/expenses)
  • − interest expenses
  • − tax (example given as 30%)
  • = net profit

F) Apply auxiliary material handling

• If auxiliary materials are part of inventory:
  • include beginning auxiliary materials
  • add purchases/availability
  • subtract ending auxiliary materials
  • the remainder is treated as used/allocated to production

G) Apply percentage cost allocation (factory vs non-factory)

• For each cost category given:
  • multiply by the factory % → goes into manufacturing overhead/PDP
  • multiply by the non-factory % → goes into operating/period expenses (P&L)
• Recompute overhead totals accordingly, then proceed with COGM/COGS and P&L.

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Speakers / sources featured

• Primary speaker: the course instructor (spoken throughout; name not clearly stated in the subtitles).
• Referenced sources/brands/websites (mentioned, not necessarily used as authority):
  • Google Classroom
  • qwords.com (mentioned)
  • “Widya/Andra” (mentioned as a learning platform name; exact spelling unclear)
  • MP4 (file type mentioned; no clear source)
• External entities referenced in examples: PT Kreatif Ananda, PT Kalimantan Selamat, and a toy company (names appear in subtitles; exact full titles unclear due to subtitle errors).