SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN INDONESIA DARI MASA KE MASA

Main ideas / lessons conveyed

• The video explains that Indonesia’s government system changed over time. For each period, it outlines:
  • Form of state (generally unitary vs. federal)
  • Form of government (republic)
  • System of government (presidential vs. parliamentary/quasi-parliamentary)
  • Constitution(s) used
  • Key events that caused transitions between eras

Timeline of Indonesian government systems (per the subtitles)

1) Post-independence (1945–1949)

• Period: 18 Aug 1945 – 27 Dec 1949
• Form of state: Unitary
• Form of government: Republic
• System of government: Presidential
• Constitution: 1945 Constitution

Key points / structure

• Indonesia implemented a presidential system after independence.
• Soekarno appointed President; Muhammad Hatta appointed Vice President.
• The 1945 Constitution was agreed through the PPKI session on 18 Aug 1945.
• Legislative power: exercised by the Central Indonesian National Committee (NIP).
• Other powers: held by the President.

Shift within the era

• The government system changed to a parliamentary system after forming the cabinet on 14 Nov 1945.
• Executive power shifted to ministers as the system moved from presidential to parliamentary.

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2) Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RIS) (1949–1950)

• Period: 27 Dec 1949 – 15 Aug 1950
• Form of state: Federal
• Form of government: Republic
• System of government: Quasi-parliamentary / Federal
• Constitution: RIS Constitution

Cause / background

• After the Round Table Conference (KMB), Indonesia’s state form changed to a federal union consisting of states.
• The government system correspondingly changed to a quasi-parliamentary/federal model.

Duration

• Short-lived—ended 15 Aug 1950.

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3) Post-RIS / Return to unitary (1950–1959)

• Period: 15 Aug 1950 – 5 Jul 1959
• Form of state: Unitary
• Form of government: Republic
• System of government: Parliamentary
• Constitution: Temporary Constitution of 1950

Key points / transition

• After the RIS dissolved, Indonesia returned to a unitary republican structure.
• The 1950 Temporary Constitution was used until:
  • Presidential Decree of 5 Jul 1959 (by President Soekarno).

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4) Old Order (1959–1966)

• Period: 5 Jul 1959 – 22 Feb 1966
• Form of state: Unitary
• Form of government: Republic
• System of government: Presidential
• Constitution: 1945 Constitution (re-implemented)

Key points / cause

• The 5 July 1959 Presidential Decree led to re-implementation of the 1945 Constitution, and the 1950 constitution was no longer in force.
• Mentions dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and formation of the MPRS.
• The Old Order era ended in 1966.

Major trigger for ending Old Order

• A dispute between the military and the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), triggering the G30S PKI incident on 30 Sept 1965.

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5) New Order (1966–1998)

• Period: 22 Feb 1966 – 21 May 1998
• Form of state: Unitary
• Form of government: Republic
• System of government: Presidential
• Constitution: 1945 Constitution

Key points

• Soeharto became President (second president).
• New Order lasted 32 years.
• Ended when Soeharto resigned in 1998.

Stated triggers of resignation

• Student demonstrations across various regions
• Severe economic crisis

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6) Reform Era (1998–present)

• Period: 21 May 1998 – present
• Form of state: Unitary
• Form of government: Republic
• System of government: Presidential
• Constitution: 1945 Constitution (amended)

Key developments

• The Reform Era continues “until now.”
• Presidents listed (as stated):
  • BJ Habibie (1999)
  • Gus Dur (1999–2001)
  • Megawati (2001–2004; subtitle has a formatting/typo issue but the years appear intended)
  • SB/“sb2004” (subtitle unclear—likely indicating the next president starting 2004)
  • 2014
  • Jokowi (2020; subtitle format suggests election/term references rather than full chronological years)
• The 1945 Constitution was amended four times.
• Amendments’ results are used since 2002.
• The MPR’s role as holder of the highest state sovereignty was removed.
• Direct presidential election by the people:
  • First time directly since 2004
  • Held every 5 years

Overall conclusion from the video: The Reform era is presented as the current surviving constitutional/political direction.

Speakers / sources mentioned

• Soekarno (President; also issued the 5 July 1959 Presidential Decree)
• Muhammad Hatta (Vice President)
• Soeharto (President; New Order leader; resigned in 1998)
• BJ Habibie
• Gus Dur
• Megawati
• Jokowi
• PPKI (Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia)
• NIP (Central Indonesian National Committee) (as named in the subtitle; likely a transcription/auto-subtitle error)
• Round Table Conference (KMB)
• MPRS
• MPR
• G30S PKI incident
• PKI (Indonesian Communist Party)
• Military (mentioned generally, not by specific institution/person)