Video Summary - Types of Qualitative Research Designs ~GM Lectures

Main ideas / concepts covered

Qualitative research definition
- Explains the “reality” of the world through the perspectives of participants.
- Characterized by the researcher’s active involvement with participants during data gathering.
- Conducted in the natural setting.
- Produces subjective results, influenced by participants’ perceptions, opinions, and experiences.
Purpose: types of qualitative research designs
- The video presents six main designs and explains what each is for, along with typical data-gathering methods and a general sense of how results are interpreted.

Core idea / objective
- A long, in-depth study of a person, group, organization, situation, or phenomenon.
- Used to narrow a broad topic into one or a few manageable examples.
- Can be used to test whether a specific theory/model applies to real-world phenomena.
Example given
- Studying how students’ vocabulary development is influenced by environment.
- Compare two groups:
  - Students in Humanities and Social Sciences
  - Students in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics)
- Use multiple observations across senior high school years:
  - beginning, middle, and end
- Compare:
  - conversation expressions/manner
  - vocabulary words known
Outcome
- Draw conclusions and offer recommendations based on differences/similarities found.

Core idea / objective
- Studies a cultural group to understand:
  - belief systems
  - practices
- Also aims to understand the organizational setup and lifestyle of group members.
- Falls under anthropology.
Example given
- Studying the culture and practices of people living in far-flung areas away from modernization.
Data gathering / researcher actions
- Direct interaction with the group through:
  - interviews
  - observations
  - immersion
Outcome / limitation
- Findings are context-specific (apply mainly to that specific group, not broadly to the general public).

Core idea / objective
- Examines human experiences related to a phenomenon.
- Recognizes each experience as unique and meaningful.
- Focuses on presenting a detailed discussion of participants’ lived experiences.
Example given
- Understanding strategies used by foreign students to adapt to new language learning environments.
Data gathering / researcher actions
- Involve different foreign students studying in a country.
- Conduct interviews, including:
  - focus group discussions
  - in-depth interviews
Outcome
- Identify:
  - experiences and struggles
  - adaptation strategies
- Produce a detailed discussion of results.

Core idea / objective
- Examines primary documents to connect past events to the present.
- Relies on primary sources of historical data.
Example given
- Development of the educational system in the Philippines.
Primary sources mentioned
- Direct accounts of events
- Archival data
- Official documents
- Personal records
- Eyewitness records
Outcome
- Identify connections between past and present in terms of:
  - policy changes
  - trends/shifts
  - teaching strategy developments
  - updates in materials used

Core idea / objective
- Analyzes or examines the text/content and modes of communication.
Motivations listed (reasons for doing content analysis)
- Identify intentions, focus, or communication trends of an individual, group, or institution
- Describe attitudinal and behavioral responses to communications
- Reveal international differences in communication content
- Identify patterns in communication content
- Determine psychological or emotional state of individuals or groups
Example given
- Determine the language of journalism by analyzing:
  - journal articles
  - audiovisual materials
- Compare journalism “jargon”/language with regular communication jargon.

Core idea / objective
- Used when a researcher discovers a new theory underlying the study during data collection/analysis.
- Helps explain the main concern of participants involved in the research.
Data gathering / researcher actions
- Various methods, including:
  - interviews
  - observations
  - fieldwork
  - focus group discussions
  - studying artifacts
  - studying text
Outcome
- Develop an explanation of the how and why behind a phenomenon.

General data gathering patterns
- Case studies: interviews, observations, direct interaction; may involve multiple sessions.
- Ethnography: interviews, observations, immersion; conducted within a specific time frame.
- Phenomenology: interviews, observations, focus group discussions; at a specific time.
- Historical analysis: analysis of primary sources; may include interviews with experts.
- Content analysis: analysis/examination of text/content across communication modes.
- Grounded theory: interviews, observations, fieldwork, and study of artifacts/text.
Sampling approach
- Qualitative research typically uses smaller, context-specific samples.
- Participants are purposively selected (purposeful sampling).
- Possible participant categories include:
  - experts/people knowledgeable about the topic
  - group members of the focus group
  - witnesses or people with first-hand experience

Qualitative research is driven by participants’ lived perspectives and is shaped by the researcher’s engagement and context.
Each qualitative design has a distinct objective (what it tries to learn) and procedure (how data is gathered).
Researchers should understand differences among designs to select the one most suitable for their research goals.

Speaker: Not explicitly identified in the subtitles (only “good day everyone” / lecture-style narration).
Source referenced: publichealth.columbia.edu (cited for reasons/relevance of content analysis).