KPSS Ortaöğretim Tarih 60 Dakikada Fulleten Son Tekrar | #ortaöğretim #kpss

Summary

The video is a fast-paced KPSS history review organized around exam-relevant facts, dates, people, institutions, wars, treaties, and reform movements. The presenter says the review is intended to cover the exam’s 27 history questions and recommends studying the accompanying notes and revising them multiple times.

Exam focus and study advice

The presenter estimates the question distribution as follows:

• First Turkic states: 1 question
• First Turkic-Islamic states: 2 questions
• Ottoman history: 9 questions
• War of Independence: 3 questions
• Atatürk’s era, principles, and reforms: 9 questions
• Contemporary Turkish and world history: 3 questions

He advises students to obtain the accompanying notes and review them at least two or three times, using the video as a condensed revision rather than a substitute for study.

First Turkic states

Central Asia is presented as the Turkic homeland. Early Turkic communities are described as largely nomadic, relying on livestock raising and moving in response to environmental and political pressures.

The video associates Turkic migrations with:

• Drought, harsh climates, and shrinking pastures
• Population growth and overcrowding
• Epidemics
• Conflict with neighboring peoples and political pressure
• A strong desire for independence

These migrations spread Turkic culture across a wide area, contributed to the Migration Period in Europe, and brought Turks into contact with other societies. Some groups later assimilated or adopted Christianity.

Key states and associated facts reviewed include:

• Scythians (Sakas): Described as the earliest known Turkic community and associated with Alper Tunga, Tomris Hatun, female warriors, and the “man in the golden suit.”
• Asian Huns: Also called the Great Hun Empire; associated with Teoman and, at their height, Mete Han. The video highlights the decimal military system, control of the Silk Road, and the dual administration system.
• European Huns: Associated with Balamir and Attila. Attila is linked to pressure on the Eastern and Western Roman Empires and the Margus and Anatolius treaties.
• Göktürks: Identified as the first state founded using the name “Turk.” The Orkhon inscriptions, Göktürk alphabet, and Ergenekon Epic are emphasized. The inscriptions are presented as political advice and as an appeal to preserve independence.
• Uyghurs: Associated with a settled way of life, cities, architecture, agriculture, frescoes, tilework, and the use of movable-type printing. The video links their settlement to the adoption of Manichaeism, which discouraged warfare.

Other “firsts” and cultural facts include:

• Volga Bulgars: First Turkic state to adopt Islam
• Khazars: Associated with Judaism and with checking Arab expansion in the Caucasus
• Karluks: Identified as an early Turkic community to adopt Islam
• Avars: First Turkic state to besiege Constantinople
• Kyrgyz: Associated with the Manas Epic

Turkic political and social organization is summarized through concepts such as kut, customary law (töre), the ruler’s duties, the role of women, the assembly (kurultai), and a society structured from family and clan through tribe and nation. The video also reviews Turkic titles and offices, calendars, and epics.

First Turkic-Islamic states and the Seljuks

The presenter reviews several states established in Egypt:

• Tulunids and Ikhshidids: Described as states founded by governors who broke away from Abbasid authority.
• Ayyubids: Associated with Saladin, the Battle of Hattin, and the recovery of Jerusalem from the Crusaders.
• Mamluks: Associated with defeating the Mongols at Ain Jalut and later being defeated by the Ottomans.

The Karakhanids are presented as the first Turkic-Muslim state in Central Asia. The video highlights their adoption of Islam, use of Turkish as an official language, and literary works including Kutadgu Bilig, Divanü Lügati’t-Türk, Divan-ı Hikmet, and Atabetü’l-Hakayık.

The Ghaznavids are reviewed through Mahmud of Ghazni’s campaigns in India, the spread of Islam there, and his receiving the title of “sultan” from the Abbasid caliph. The state’s multi-ethnic composition is mentioned as a weakness.

The Great Seljuk Empire section covers:

• Its founding by Tuğrul and Çağrı Bey
• The Battle of Dandanakan, which marked the Ghaznavids’ decline and the Seljuks’ rise
• The Battle of Pasinler, identified as an early Seljuk victory over Byzantium
• The Battle of Manzikert (Malazgirt) in 1071, which opened Anatolia to Turkish settlement
• Nizamülmülk and the Nizamiye madrasas, as well as the establishment of the Jalali calendar
• Factors behind the state’s weakening, including internal succession struggles, the influence of the Batinis, tensions with the Oghuz, and external pressure

The first Anatolian Turkish principalities are linked to the period after Manzikert:

• Saltukids: Erzurum
• Mengüceks: Erzincan and Divriği
• Danishmends: Central Anatolia, including Tokat and Kayseri
• Artuqids: Mardin and Diyarbakır

The video connects these principalities with monuments, madrasas, bridges, and the engineer Al-Jazari.

The Anatolian Seljuks section notes that the state was founded by Süleyman Shah, with İznik as its initial capital and Konya as its later capital. The reigns of Kılıç Arslan I, I. Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev, and I. Alaeddin Keykubad are associated with territorial expansion, trade, hospitals, caravanserais, and the state’s high point. The presenter explains the iqta system as a way to support cavalry through revenue from state land.

The Battle of Köse Dağ, the Baba Ishak rebellion, Mongol domination, and ineffective administration are cited as factors in the state’s decline.

Ottoman Empire

The video attributes the Ottomans’ rapid early growth to Byzantium’s weakness, their frontier position, their ability to take advantage of conflicts among neighboring principalities, and a relatively accommodating policy toward conquered populations.

Early rulers and developments are reviewed in sequence:

• Osman Bey: Early expansion and the Battle of Koyunhisar.
• Orhan Bey: The conquest of Bursa; development of state institutions; creation of the first regular army; establishment of the divan and vizierate; and opening of the first Ottoman madrasa.
• Murad I: Expansion into the Balkans, battles including Kosovo, and development of the Kapıkulu corps and the devshirme-related military system.
• Bayezid I: The first siege of Constantinople, victory at Nicopolis, and efforts to establish Turkish political unity in Anatolia. His defeat by Timur led to the Interregnum.
• Mehmed I and Murad II: Restoration of unity after the Interregnum and victories against Crusader forces.
• Mehmed II (the Conqueror): The conquest of Constantinople, expansion in the Balkans and Black Sea region, and developments such as Topkapı Palace, the Grand Bazaar, and the Sahn-ı Seman madrasas.
• Bayezid II: Internal challenges, including the Cem Sultan issue, and support for Jews and Muslims fleeing Spain.
• Selim I: Victories at Çaldıran, Mercidabık, and Ridaniye; expansion into the Middle East and Egypt; and transfer of the caliphate to the Ottomans.
• Suleiman the Magnificent: Expansion in Europe and the Mediterranean, the Battle of Preveza, the Treaty of Amasya, and a long reign.

Ottoman government and society topics include:

• Changes in succession and the transfer of authority within the dynasty, including the legalization of fratricide under Mehmed II and the seniority system under Ahmed I
• The central government, the divan, and the roles of the grand vizier, scribes, treasurer, admiral, and şeyhülislam
• The Enderun school, provincial administration, and the administrative and judicial roles of officials such as the beylerbeyi, sancakbeyi, and kadı
• The military and administrative classes—seyfiye, kalemiye, and ilmiye
• Land categories, taxation, and systems such as timar and tax farming
• Education, from primary and secondary schools to madrasas

The later Ottoman period is reviewed through causes of stagnation and decline, including inexperienced rulers, succession and palace issues, military and economic weakening, and Europe’s growing power.

Reformers and reforms from the seventeenth century onward include Osman II, Murad IV, and Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, along with reforms to the military, administration, and finances.

Important treaties and turning points include:

• Treaty of Kasr-ı Şirin, associated with the Iran border
• Treaty of Karlowitz, identified as a major territorial loss and the beginning of decline
• Treaty of Passarowitz and the Tulip Era
• Küçük Kaynarca, linked to Crimea’s independence
• Reforms under Selim III, including the Nizam-ı Cedid
• Mahmud II’s reforms, including the abolition of the Janissaries and changes to administration, education, and official dress

Nineteenth-century developments include the Tanzimat and Reform Edicts, foreign borrowing, new schools and institutions, railways, the first paper money, the First Constitutional Era, and Abdülhamid II’s reign. The video also mentions Ottomanism, Islamism, and Turkism as responses to political fragmentation.

World War I and the end of the Ottoman Empire

The video lists nationalism, imperialism, competition for raw materials and markets, and the arms race as major causes of World War I.

The Ottoman Empire entered the war after German ships that had taken refuge in Ottoman waters attacked Russia under the Ottoman flag. Fronts discussed include the Caucasus, Suez, Çanakkale, Iraq, Yemen, Hejaz, and Syria, as well as fronts where Ottoman forces supported allies.

The presenter emphasizes:

• The severe losses at Sarıkamış
• The Ottoman victory at Kut al-Amara
• The role of the Gallipoli campaign in prolonging the war
• Fahrettin Pasha’s defense of Medina
• The failure of Pan-Islamism in the Arab regions

The armistice and postwar settlement are linked to the dissolution of empires, occupation of Ottoman territory, and the Treaty of Sèvres. The presenter highlights Articles 7 and 24 of the Mondros Armistice as particularly important.

War of Independence

The video describes the formation of national and regional organizations in response to occupation, distinguishing beneficial societies from groups that opposed the national movement.

The sequence of events is presented as follows:

1. Mustafa Kemal’s arrival in Samsun
2. The Havza Circular, calling for protests against occupations
3. The Amasya Circular, which explained the justification for the struggle and stated that the nation’s independence would be saved by the nation’s own resolve
4. The Erzurum Congress, which declared that the homeland was indivisible and rejected mandates and foreign protection
5. The Sivas Congress, which united beneficial societies under a national organization
6. The opening of the Ottoman parliament and adoption of the National Pact (Misak-ı Milli)
7. The occupation of Istanbul and dissolution of the parliament by the Allied powers

The fronts and outcomes summarized are:

• Eastern Front: Fighting against Armenian forces; the Treaty of Gümrü is presented as the TBMM’s first political and military success.
• Southern Front: Local resistance in places such as Maraş, Urfa, and Antep; the front was closed through the Ankara Agreement with France.
• Western Front: Fighting against Greece, including the First and Second İnönü battles, Kütahya–Eskişehir, Sakarya, and the Great Offensive.

The presenter also discusses the Commander-in-Chief Law, the National Mobilization Orders, the Mudanya Armistice, and the Treaty of Lausanne. The Lausanne review includes the abolition of the sultanate, population exchange, and questions concerning the Straits, Hatay, capitulations, minorities, and foreign debts.

Atatürk’s era, reforms, and principles

Early republican developments include the declaration of Ankara as the capital, the proclamation of the Republic, the abolition of the caliphate, and the creation of political parties.

The video mentions the Progressive Republican Party and Free Republican Party, as well as the Sheikh Said rebellion and the Menemen incident.

Reforms reviewed include:

• The Turkish Civil Code and unification of education
• Closure of dervish lodges and shrines
• The dress and surname laws
• The Turkish Historical Society and Turkish Language Society
• Measures intended to develop industry and expand education

Atatürk’s principles are summarized as:

• Republicanism: National sovereignty, elections, representation, and democratic government.
• Secularism: Separation of religion and state, and reforms in law, education, and public administration.
• Nationalism: National unity, cultural identity, and economic independence.
• Populism: Equality, social justice, equal opportunity, and the removal of privileges.
• Statism: State involvement in economic planning, investment, industry, and development.
• Revolutionism: Modernization, progress, and continued reform.

The presenter leaves contemporary history for separate study in the notes.

Speakers and sources featured

• Speaker: Veysel Arıkan, the presenter. His name is rendered inconsistently in the auto-generated subtitles.
• Sources and authorities referenced: ÖSYM, the Turkish examination authority; the presenter’s accompanying lecture notes/PDF; and historical texts and documents, including the Orkhon inscriptions, the Amasya Circular, the Erzurum and Sivas Congress decisions, the National Pact, the Mondros Armistice, and the Treaty of Lausanne.
• Reports mentioned: The Admiral Bristol and General Harbord investigations.
• Guest speakers or interviewees: None appear in the subtitles.