Ekonomi Kelas 11: Pengertian Ketenagakerjaan dan Jenis-Jenis Tenaga Kerja

Main Ideas, Concepts, and Lessons

1) Pre-Employment Card Program (context)

The video introduces the Pre-Employment Card Program, initiated by President Joko Widodo.

Purpose: to improve Indonesian workers’ skills by building:

• work competency, and
• entrepreneurial competency

Form of support: financial assistance

Target recipients include:

• job seekers,
• laid-off workers,
• workers who need to improve competencies,
• as well as micro and small business actors.

Expected impact: workers become more competent, competitive, and productive.

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2) Definitions: “Manpower/Employment” concept under Indonesian law

Based on Indonesian Law No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower:

Manpower (tenaga kerja/manpower concept) = everything related to workers before, during, and after the work period.

Matters related to workers before the work period

• Delivering information about job vacancies
• The apprenticeship/training process

Apprenticeship/training (explained)

A training system where trainees work directly in a company, under the guidance and supervision of:

• instructors, or
• more experienced company employees in a field

Matters related to workers during the work period

• Wage/salary levels
• Social security
• Health
• Work safety
• Work supervision

Matters related to workers after the employment period

• Severance pay
• Pension funds

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3) Population grouping: residents vs. workforce vs. non-workforce

Population/residents in a country includes:

• citizens, and
• foreign citizens residing in the country.

The population is grouped into two:

• Working-age population / workforce
• Non-working-age population / non-workforce

Working-age population / workforce (productive age)

• Defined as ages 15 to 64 years
• Includes people who are:
  • working, and
  • looking for work / unemployed

Non-workforce (within ages 15–64)

• Ages 15 to 64, but not working and not looking for work
• Examples:
  • school students
  • college students
  • housewives

Non-productive age population

• Ages under 15 and over 64
• Examples:
  • children
  • the elderly

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4) Labor Force Participation Rate (TPAK / TPAK)

Purpose: shows the workforce contribution to the economy. Meaning: the ratio of the workforce to the working-age population.

Interpretation:

• Higher TPAK → more labor supply available to produce goods/services.

Formula (as presented)

• TPAK = (Number of workforce / Number of working-age population) × 100%

Working-age reference used in the video: people aged 15+.

Example calculation (Feb 2020, BPS data)

• Workforce: R0,218,352 people
• Population aged 15+: 2,597,063 people
• Result: TPAK = 69.21%

Meaning: in Feb 2020, about 69.21% of productive-age people were working or seeking work.

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5) Employment Opportunities (job availability)

Definition: a condition describing the availability of jobs that can be filled by the workforce. Job availability can include:

• jobs that are already filled, and
• jobs that are still unfilled.

Problem relationship highlighted

If the number of workforce is high but job opportunities are not, it can cause:

• unemployment

Government response (as stated): encourage growth of:

• BUMN (state-owned enterprises),
• private companies,
• MSMEs (micro, small and medium enterprises),
• cooperatives

Goal: increase employment opportunities for citizens.

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6) Employment Opportunity Rate (TKK / TKK)

Meaning: the opportunity for the workforce to have jobs.

Interpretation:

• Higher TKK → greater chance the workforce is employed.

Formula (as presented)

• TKK = (Number of people working / Number of workforce) × 100%

Example calculation (Feb 2020, BPS data)

• Workforce: 218,352 people (shown in subtitles as 0,218,352 due to formatting)
• People working: 13,292,866 people
• Result given: TKK = 95.06%

Meaning:

• about 95.06% of the workforce were working/had jobs
• the remaining 4.94% were unemployed or seeking work

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7) Types of employment opportunities by work duration

Employment opportunities are grouped into two:

• Permanent employment opportunities

  • Workers can continue until retirement or until they are no longer able to work
  • Examples:
    • civil servants
    • permanent employees in a company

• Temporary employment opportunities

  • Workers work for a short period
  • Examples:
    • contract workers under an agreement for a set time (e.g., 3 months, 6 months, 1 year; example given: 6 months)
    • workers on a toll road construction project who stop working after project completion

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8) Types of labor (Tenaga kerja) — two main categorization methods

A) Based on quality (skills/education)

Three categories:

1. Educated labor (skilled labor)

   • Requires certain education (formal and/or non-formal)
   • Examples:
     • dentist: must graduate from a dentistry university program
     • lawyer: at least a bachelor’s degree in law
     • tax consultant:
       • bachelor’s degree in accounting/taxation
       • must have a tax certificate/badge obtained via tax training/course

2. Trained labor (labor based on training)

   • Skills obtained through training/courses
   • Examples:
     • sewing skills → tailor
     • cooking skills → cook

3. Unskilled and untrained labor

   • Does not require formal education or specific skills
   • Tends to rely on physical strength/energy
   • Examples:
     • porters
     • gardeners
     • domestic helpers
     • shopkeepers
     • sweepers

B) Based on main function in the company

Three categories:

1. Production workers

   • Main task: produce/manufacture goods/services
   • Example: bag factory workers who produce bags daily

2. Marketing workers

   • Main task: market/promote and distribute goods/services
   • Example: marketing staff who do:
     • market research
     • setting product prices
     • promotions
     • other marketing activities

3. General and administrative workers

   • Main task: handle personnel affairs and administrative files
   • Duties include:
     • managing employee rights/obligations
     • correspondence and document archiving
     • maintenance and repair of company assets
   • Example: personnel manager at a supermarket (recruitment, employee assessments)

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9) Overall conclusion (as stated)

• Employment/manpower concerns everything related to the workforce before, during, and after work.
• Employment is connected to:
  • labor/workers (tenaga kerja),
  • workforce, and
  • employment/job opportunities
• Labor is categorized:
  • By quality: educated, trained, unskilled/untrained
  • By main function: production, marketing, general/administrative

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Speakers / Sources Featured

• President Joko Widodo (mentioned as the initiator of the Pre-Employment Card Program)
• Indonesian Law Number 13 of 2003 on Manpower
• BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik / Central Statistics Agency) (used for the TPAK and TKK example data)
• No specific individual narrator/speaker is explicitly identified in the subtitles.