BAB 3 SEJARAH KELAS XI KURIKULUM MERDEKA

The Indonesian National Movement

The video explains the factors behind the rise of Indonesia’s national movement and traces its development through several phases: an early social and cultural phase, political nationalism, a more radical phase, and a later phase of political survival and cooperation.

1. Factors That Encouraged the National Movement

Internal factors

• Growth of an educated class: The Ethical Policy, particularly its education program, helped create educated Indonesians who became pioneers of the movement.
• Improved transportation and communication: These developments made it easier to share news and coordinate action beyond local areas.
• Memories of past kingdoms: The former reach and power of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms inspired people to work together toward national progress.

External factors

• Japan’s victory over Russia in 1905: This showed that an Asian nation could defeat a European imperial power.
• National movements elsewhere in Asia: Developments in countries such as China and India encouraged Indonesian nationalists.

2. Early Phase: Social and Cultural Organizations

The movement initially focused on improving social conditions, education, and culture. Organizations in this phase were generally moderate and cooperative toward the Dutch colonial government.

• Budi Utomo

  • Founded on 20 May 1908 in Batavia, following an idea promoted by Dr. Wahidin Soedirohoesodo and taken up by students at STOVIA, including Dr. Soetomo.
  • Sought to advance education and culture, including agriculture, animal husbandry, trade, and industry.
  • Its founding date is commemorated as National Awakening Day.

• Sarekat Islam

  • Began as Sarekat Dagang Islam, founded by Haji Samanhudi in 1911, and changed its name to Sarekat Islam in 1912.
  • Aimed to strengthen Muslim traders, assist members facing financial difficulties, and promote social and spiritual welfare based on Islam.
  • H.O.S. Tjokroaminoto became its chairman.

• Muhammadiyah

  • Founded in Yogyakarta on 18 November 1912 by K.H. Ahmad Dahlan.
  • Promoted education and teaching based on Islam, religious learning, and a way of life guided by Islamic principles.

3. Political Nationalism

In this phase, organizations increasingly focused on politics and the goal of Indonesian independence.

• Indische Partij

  • Founded in Bandung in 1912 by E.F.E. Douwes Dekker (Setiabudi), Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, and Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hadjar Dewantara).
  • It was the first organization described in the video as openly demanding Indonesian independence.
  • It criticized Dutch rule and promoted national awareness while opposing social arrogance and discrimination.

• Youth movement

  • The First Youth Congress was held in Batavia in 1926, chaired by Mohammad Tabrani, and discussed uniting youth organizations.
  • The Second Youth Congress, held on 27–28 October 1928 and chaired by Sugondo Djojopuspito, brought together representatives of youth organizations.
  • The congress expressed a shared commitment to Indonesian unity through the Youth Pledge.

• Women’s movement

  • The video connects the movement to R.A. Kartini’s advocacy for women’s education and emancipation.
  • Dewi Sartika is also mentioned for establishing a school for girls.

4. Radical Phase

Organizations in this phase more openly pursued independence and rejected cooperation with the Dutch, believing that cooperation would not lead to freedom. The video lists influences including the Russian Revolution of 1917, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s principles for peace, and the failure to fulfill the Dutch government’s November Promise. It also notes the increasing use of “Indonesia” as a national identity.

• Perhimpunan Indonesia

  • Began in the Netherlands in 1908 as Indische Vereeniging.
  • Its political activity grew after Indonesian students joined, including Ki Hadjar Dewantara and Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo.
  • It later used the name Indonesische Vereeniging and, in 1925, Perhimpunan Indonesia. Mohammad Hatta is identified as its chairman.
  • It promoted nationalism and independence through propaganda and the magazine Indonesia Merdeka.

• Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI)

  • Founded by Ir. Soekarno in 1927, initially under the name Perserikatan Nasional Indonesia.
  • Its principles included self-help, non-cooperation with the Dutch, and Marhaenisme, which addressed poverty.
  • It organized educational activities, published newspapers, and held public meetings.
  • Dutch authorities arrested its leaders. At his trial, Soekarno delivered the well-known defense speech Indonesia Menggugat.

• Indonesian Communist Party (PKI)

  • The video traces its origins to the Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging, founded in 1914, and its later development into the PKI.
  • It names Alimin and Musso among its figures.
  • It describes the party as radical, citing strikes and uprisings in Java and Sumatra in the 1920s. The Dutch colonial government subsequently banned it.

5. Political Survival and Continued Struggle

The final phase featured efforts to preserve political activity and advance national aims through petitions, parliamentary work, and cooperation.

• National faction: Founded by Mohammad Husni Thamrin in 1929, with the aim of achieving Indonesian independence.
• Sutarjo Petition: Proposed by Sutarjo Kartohadikusumo, it sought a plan for Indonesian self-government within the framework of the Dutch Kingdom.
• Thamrin Motion: Called for the replacement of terms that were considered outdated or unsuitable for the circumstances of the Indonesian people.
• The video also names Taman Siswa, the Great Indonesia Party (Parindra), and the Indonesian Political Federation (GAPI) as organizations of this period.

Speakers and Sources Featured

• Narrator/presenter: A single speaker representing SMART CHANNEL, introducing and explaining the lesson.
• No other speakers or interview sources are featured in the subtitles.