[22개정 고등 한국사2] 1단원 몰아보기 / 1시간으로 1단원 완벽 정리하기!!

Main ideas / lessons

• The lecture reviews High School Korean History 2, Unit 1 by:

  1. Explaining the international situation (1910s–1940s), then
  2. Focusing on Japanese colonial rule over Korea, including:
     • How Japan’s policies changed across the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s–1945
     • Economic exploitation by era
     • Korean resistance and independence movements inside Korea and abroad
     • Social change and labor/peasant/student/women’s movements
     • Efforts to protect Korean national culture (language, history, religion, education/media, arts)
     • The 1930s–1945 phase of resistance and the international process leading to liberation

• A central theme is that Japan’s colonial governance evolved:

  • Overt military coercion → “cultural politics” (deceptive control) → total war mobilization
• At the same time, Korean society experienced worsening inequality, and resistance grew in many forms.

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Key concepts and structure of the lecture

1) International background leading to Japanese colonization

World War I (1914–1918)

• Imperialist power rivalry in Europe escalated into war.
• Main alliances:
  • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
  • Triple Entente: France, Britain, Russia
• Spark/cause:
  • Sarajevo assassination (the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian Archduke and his wife by a Serbian youth)
• Japan joins the Allies and gains concessions in:
  • China’s Shandong Peninsula, strengthening Japan’s international position.

Post-WWI international order

• Paris Peace Conference / Treaty of Versailles
  • Incorporates Wilson’s Fourteen Points and national self-determination
  • Establishes the Versailles system; Germany pays reparations
• League of Nations created

Washington System (Asia-Pacific)

• US-centered balance intended to restrain Japanese expansion.
• Japan’s attempt to expand via China’s “Twenty-One Demands” leads to the Washington Conference.
• Under US pressure, Japan scales back:
  • The lecture mentions returning Shandong-related holdings and reducing military spending.

Russian revolution after WWI

• March and November Revolutions (1917); Lenin leads socialist reforms.
• Comintern created; the USSR forms in 1922 (important for socialist influence abroad).

Overall link to colonial rule

• The lecture argues Japan’s colonization is connected to the era’s global imperialism and shifting international constraints.

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2) Japanese colonial rule policies by era

A. 1910s: Military rule and authoritarian suppression

Timeline / institutions

• Aug 29, 1910: Japan establishes the Government-General of Korea as the supreme colonial authority after taking Korea’s sovereignty.
• Governor-General of Joseon
  • Restricted to senior Japanese military figures (army corps General)
  • “Absolute” control over administration, legislation, judiciary, and even military command
• Privy Council
  • Advisory body composed of pro-Japanese Koreans

Methods of control

• Authoritarian military policing
  • The lecture emphasizes the gendarmerie (military police) functioning as regular police
  • Military police monitor Koreans’ daily lives and enforce punishments to control resistance.
• Punitive practices
  • Mentions revival of cruel punishments (described as “Joseon Taeyeongryeong,” a revived form)

Education and civil rights restrictions

• First Korean Education Ordinance
  • Limits normal schooling to 4 years
  • Education restricted mainly to basic/vocational levels
• Press/assembly/political suppression
  • Shuts down Korean newspapers and dissolves political organizations and academic societies
  • Bans political activities

B. 1920s: “Cultural politics” after the March 1st Movement

Reason for the shift

• After the March 1st Movement, Japan supposedly realizes it cannot govern only through coercion.

What “cultural politics” does (as described)

• Political-administrative “permission” without real autonomy
  • Governor-General appointment still constrained by the military commander
  • Provincial/district councils exist, but no voting rights
  • Councils effectively controlled by pro-Japanese collaborators/Japanese residents
• Police reform but increased suppression
  • Gendarmerie becomes regular police, but police numbers increase
• Law on Maintaining Public Order
  • Intensifies surveillance and suppression of independence and socialist movements
  • Targets movements denying Japan’s system or private property claims
• Education changes with barriers
  • Second Education Decree
    • Expands schooling in theory (elementary to 6 years; higher education possible; universities possible)
    • But high tuition makes higher education difficult for Koreans
• Press “guarantees” undermined by censorship
  • Newspapers operate, but “free press” is obstructed through censorship and deletions
• End of the 1920s “cultural politics”
  • Claimed to end due to the Great Depression (1929) and Japan’s move toward aggressive war

C. 1930s–1945: Total war mobilization and cultural/ethnic extermination

Aggression timeline

• Manchurian Incident (1931) → establishment of Manchukuo
• Sino-Japanese War (from 1937)
• WWII alliance with Germany and Italy
• Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ideology
• Attack on Pearl Harbor → broader Asia-Pacific war
• US victories, including Battle of Midway
• Japan holds out until atomic bombing and unconditional surrender (Aug 1945)

Total mobilization of Korean people

• National Total Mobilization Law (1938) and national spiritual mobilization
• Forced labor and conscription
  • Korean youths sent to war zones (volunteer/conscription/student-volunteer pretexts)
  • Labor forced in mines, airfields, and munitions factories
• Women’s forced labor and sexual slavery
  • Women’s Volunteer Labor Order and “comfort women” system
  • Lecture estimates around 200,000 Korean women violated
• Cultural/ethnic assimilation and erasure
  • Naeseon Ilche ideology (“one people”)
  • Forced oaths, palace exile/bowing, shrine worship
  • Forced surname/given-name changes to Japanese names; penalties for refusal
  • Press and education targeted:
    • Closure of major Korean newspapers mentioned
    • Third Education Decree prohibits Korean language instruction
    • Schools renamed “National Schools” (linked in the lecture to “Korean New People’s School”)

The lecture describes 1930s–1945 as the harshest period of colonial rule.

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3) Japanese economic exploitation by era (detailed)

1910s: Land dispossession + colonial economic foundations

• Land survey project (started in 1910)
  • Justification: “fair” land tax and modern land ownership
  • Intended outcome: increase tax revenue and expand land ownership for Japanese settlers
• Provisional Land Survey Bureau and Land Survey Ordinance
  • Landowners required to report land with documents within a deadline
• Why it worked against Koreans
  • Reporting was too difficult; many missed deadlines
  • Government-General seized unreported/unclear land
• Seizure of land held through imperial family/state channels
  • Imperial family land seized and sold cheaply to Japanese buyers
• Role of intermediaries
  • Oriental Development Company (established 1908 for exploiting Korea)
• Customary farmers deprived
  • Japanese recognized landlord ownership but not farmers’ cultivation rights
  • Farmers become vulnerable to eviction and loss of security
• Consequences for rural life
  • Rise in slash-and-burn farming and migration
  • Some migrate to Manchuria or Yan’an
• Resource extraction beyond land
  • Fisheries Act, Forestry Act, Joseon Mining Act
  • Company Act
    • New companies require Government-General permission
    • Permits not easily granted → blocks Korean business growth
• Control of finance/industry + extraction infrastructure
  • Joseon Food Bureau strengthens control
  • Railways/roads/ports built to connect regions (including “city–Han district” mention)
  • Infrastructure built primarily to extract value

1920s: Rice plunder + loosened entry for Japanese corporations + financial control

• Rice-focused exploitation: Sammi Multiplication Plan
  • Trigger: post-WWI food shortage due to Japan’s industrialization and population growth
  • Japan plunders Korea’s scarce rice
  • Farmers increase yields (seed improvement, fertilizer, irrigation)
  • Yet rice shipped to Japan exceeds production gains, leaving farmers with harvest costs
  • Irrigation associations burden farmers with construction costs and membership fees
• Farmers remain hungry; hardship worsened by imports
  • Japan imports cheap coarse grains from Manchuria
  • Lecture claims this accelerates rural decline
• Policy shifts favoring Japanese firms
  • 1920: abolishes Company Law (permit system removed → notification system)
    • Makes it easier for Japanese firms to enter Korea
  • 1923: tariffs between Korea and Japan abolished
    • Japanese goods flood Korea, harming Korean businesses
  • New Banking Act
    • Restricts Korean bank creation and forces mergers
    • Japanese take control of finance

1930s onward: War industry + extraction + requisition + rationing

• Heavy and chemical industry expansion
  • After the Manchurian Incident, Korea industrialized for war needs
  • Mention of northern factories (iron/coal) and forced labor/resource extraction
• “South Cotton, North Sheep” policy
  • Cotton in the south, sheep farming in the north for industrial raw materials
  • Protects Japanese textile capitalists
• Korea becomes a logistics base after the Sino-Japanese War
  • Shift from consumer goods to heavy/military-centered industry
• Rural worsening and suppression of dissent
  • Landlord tyranny persists; the Great Depression devastates rural life
  • Rural “development” emphasizes saving and individual effort without rent relief or real alternatives
  • Joseon Agricultural Land Survey claims stabilization but mainly protects landlords
• 1938: Total National Mobilization Act
  • Plunders underground resources and extorts materials for “troop recruitment”
  • Requisitions include taking rice and even tableware/spoons
  • Metal products used to make weapons
• Food control mechanisms
  • Requisition system: forced rice quotas → then plundered
  • Food rationing: farmers receive only minimal food after rice is taken
• Migration consequences
  • People flee to “Gugae” (as described), but migrants still face severe hardship

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4) Korean resistance and independence movements (1910s–1920s emphasis, then 1930s–1945)

A. 1910s: Harder domestic resistance; overseas “national roads”

• Because it’s Japanese military rule, open resistance inside Korea is difficult.
• Many patriotic leaders move abroad; those who remain organize secretly.

Secret organizations and activities

• Independence Bureau (Im Byeong-chan)
  • Gathers Confucian scholars (Jeolla)
  • Operates under secret orders from Emperor Gojong (as described)
  • Restorationism: restore past sovereignty and reinstate the king
  • Attempts to deliver demands fail; the group is disbanded
• Korean Liberation Association (Park Sang-jin; centered in Daegu)
  • Advocates a republic
  • Raises funds for a military academy in Manchuria; executes pro-Japanese collaborators
  • Discovered; disbanded

Armed struggle in Manchuria

• Some members (e.g., Kim Ja-jin) go into exile in Manchuria for armed resistance.

B. Overseas bases and networks

The lecture lists organizations and networks across multiple regions, including:

• Manchuria: settlements, schools, independence groups (e.g., Shinhanminchon, Gyeonghaksa), independence armies/military academies as described
• Vladivostok: new village, council, publications, Korean Liberation Army government concepts
• Shanghai: Shinhan Youth Party; Declaration of Great Unity; petition drafting
• United States / Americas: Korean National Association; Ahn Chang-ho; funding independence abroad
• Hawaii: Great Joseon National Corps; Park Yong-man

Result

• These overseas efforts contribute to the March 1st Movement (1919).

C. March 1st Movement (1919): international influence + nationwide action

International influences cited

• Post-WWI environment:
  • Lenin’s support for colonial liberation movements
  • Wilson’s national self-determination principle
• The lecture also cites the Tokyo-based Korean student February 18 Declaration of Independence as a catalyst.

Course of the movement (as described)

• Planned large demonstrations:
  • Religious leaders and student representatives gather
  • Begins March 1, 1919 with reading the Declaration by 33 representatives
• Spreads from city to countryside; becomes nationwide protest
• Japan suppresses violently; protests escalate into armed resistance
• Example: Jeap-ri Massacre (imprisonment and mass killing)

Major outcome

• Japan shifts governance to cultural politics.
• Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea established (in Shanghai)
  • Leadership:
    • Syngman Rhee (President)
    • Lee Dong-wi (Prime Minister)
  • Governance structure:
    • legislative (Provisional Assembly), executive (State Council), judicial (Courts)
  • Diplomatic/administrative mechanisms:
    • secret organizations for administration and communications
    • independence bonds, Independence Newspaper
    • diplomatic efforts at international conferences (e.g., 8th Peace Conference; Washington Conference petitions)
• Internal struggles:
  • National Representative Conference in 1923:
    • Creation Faction (Shin Che-woo) vs Reform Faction (Ahn Jeong-woo)
  • Syngman Rhee impeached in 1925

D. 1920s: continuing armed struggle + “righteous struggle” + nationalist-socialist unification

Manchuria operations after March 1st

• Battle of Bonghodo
• Hunchun Incident (as described, staged pretext)
• Battle of Cheongsanwi
• Gando Massacre (Japanese reprisal; mass civilian killing and burning)
• Fighters move via Misan → Free City (Russia)
  • Free City Massacre described as killings during disarming

Reorganization

• Organization reorganized via three departments:
  • Chambu, Jeonguibu, Sinminbu (presented as semi-autonomous republican-military/civilian structure)
• Japan signs Misua Agreement limiting activity and offering rewards for capture
• Later reorganization aligns with different political directions

Uiyeoldan (Righteous Army) and violence

• Righteous Army (Kim Won-bong) formed in Manchuria
• Shin Che-woo’s Declaration pushes violent people’s revolution
• Bomb attacks mentioned against Japanese authorities and institutions
• Later training → Korean Revolutionary Military and Political Cadre School (1930s)

Domestic “national strength” movements

• Domestic products promotion movement (Jo Man-sik; Joseon Products Promotion Association)
  • “My livelihood, my own” / “Korean people, Korean things”
• Military-university movement (Lee Sang-je)
  • Joseon Secret University Establishment Association; fundraising; blocked by Japan
  • Keijo Imperial University created to appease
• Rural enlightenment via press campaigns
  • Literacy campaigns by Chosun Ilbo; later Vnarod movement via Donghwa Ilbo; suppressed

Ideological splits

• Some nationalists propose “autonomy within colonial rule,” causing a split between compromise nationalism and uncompromising nationalism.

Socialist influence and National Unification Party Movement

• Socialist organizations grow after March 1st
• Korean Communist Party formed (1925)
• Japan suppresses via the Law on Maintaining Public Order
• Socialist camp seeks solidarity with uncompromising nationalism
• Formation described:
  • Unified independence party movement → Beijing committee
  • Joseon Minunghoe and Jeonguhoe declarations
  • Leads to National Unity Party (Lee Sang-je as chair)
    • rejects opportunism
    • criticizes autonomy theory
• The lecture describes an eventual “resolution” (a transition/evolution rather than simple dissolution) due to oppression, internal compromise, Comintern line changes, and socialist defections.

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5) Social changes and resistance movements inside colonial Korea (1920s–1930s)

Urbanization and segregation

• Transportation and cities grow due to colonial urbanization, but for efficient colonial control.
• Korea’s X-shaped railway network completion (1920).
• Residential segregation: Japanese and Koreans separated.
• “Tomakmin” slum residents form on city outskirts with miserable living conditions.

Rural hardship and landlord structure

• Land survey + Three Rice Increase Plan → landlord land concentration.
• Farmers reduced to small farmers with high rents.
• Many become slash-and-burn farmers or urban poor.
• Rural development movement and Joseon Land Act claim stabilization but do not solve core problems or provide real alternatives.

Cultural change under colonial pressure

• Modern clothing spreads (modern “boys/girls” imagery).
• Japanese control clothing:
  • bans white clothing; forces colored clothing (claimed to undermine “identity”)
• Food diversification only for wealthy; ordinary people face shortages.
• Housing modernizes mostly in cities; rural areas remain poor.
• Social polarization fuels resistance.

Major social movements by group

Farmers

• Tenant farmer associations and unions; tenancy agreements
• Amtaedo tenant struggle example:
  • landlords demand 70% share; farmers resist
• General Federation of Korean Peasants (1927)
• 1930s: illegal peasant unions aiming socialist revolution → become anti-Japanese

Workers

• Labor unions in the 1920s; disputes over working conditions
• Wonsan General Strike:
  • triggered by supervisor assault
  • largest labor movement of the colonial period