[중3 동아윤 6과 문법] WHAT vs THAT 구분 & 과거 완료 완벽 정리ㅣ중3 동아윤 6과문법

Main Ideas

The lesson reviews two grammar topics for a middle-school English exam: relative pronouns “what” and “that” and the past perfect tense. The teacher emphasizes identifying the grammatical pattern and checking the order of events rather than guessing from a familiar-looking sentence.

1. Relative Pronouns: “What” vs. “That”

Both pronouns connect clauses, but the key difference is whether there is an antecedent—a noun being described—before the pronoun.

• “That” has an antecedent before it.

  • It refers back to that noun and introduces a clause that describes it.
  • Pattern: the thing/person + that + clause
  • The clause after that is often incomplete because a subject or object is understood from the antecedent.

• “What” contains its own antecedent.

  • It means roughly “the thing(s) that.”
  • Because the meaning of “the thing” is already included, it does not have a separate antecedent before it.
  • It introduces a noun clause, so the whole what-clause can function as a subject, object, or complement.
  • The clause after relative what is generally incomplete because what fills a missing role within it.
  • When the what-clause is the subject, the verb is treated as singular.

How to Distinguish Them in a Test

1. Look immediately before the blank:
   • If a suitable antecedent noun is already there, consider that.
   • If there is no antecedent and the meaning is “the thing(s) that,” consider what.
2. Translate the sentence to check whether it makes sense.
3. Check the role of the clause in the larger sentence: subject, object, or complement.
4. Look at the clause after the pronoun for a missing subject or object. This can help, but it is not enough on its own, since both what and that clauses may be incomplete.
5. Do not confuse relative what with interrogative what:
   • Interrogative what asks a question, including an indirect question such as “what he likes.”
   • Its clause may be complete or incomplete, depending on what is being asked.
   • Use the meaning and sentence structure to decide whether what is a question word or a relative pronoun.

2. Past Perfect

• Form: had + past participle
• The past perfect marks an event that happened before another point or event in the past.
• The later event is usually expressed in the simple past.
• The central skill is identifying the chronological order of events.

How to Solve Past-Perfect Questions

1. Identify the two past events.
2. Decide which happened first and which happened later.
3. Use had + past participle for the earlier event.
4. Use the simple past for the later event, unless the sentence requires another tense.
5. Check that the past participle is correct and that the sentence does not accidentally use two perfect forms.

Examples

• On the way to school, someone realized they had left their homework at home. Leaving the homework happened first; realizing it happened later.
• He said he had already seen the movie. Seeing it happened before he said so.
• “I have never met Karen’s husband” uses the present perfect because it describes an experience—or lack of one—up to the present.

The teacher contrasts the past perfect with the present perfect (have/has + past participle), which connects a past event or experience to the present. Some schools may test particular uses separately, so students should also follow their own teacher’s guidance.

Speakers and Sources Featured

• Teacher Inna (Inna / 이나) — the instructor and presenter throughout the video.
• Seon and another teacher’s lesson — mentioned in passing as prior explanations or study references; they are not clearly presented as speakers in this video.