PEMBANGUNAN DI INDONESIA PADA MASA ORDE BARU | IPS SMP Kelas 9

Main Ideas & Lessons (New Order Era Development in Indonesia)

Definition of the New Order era (Orde Baru)

• The New Order era (Orde Baru) was a period of Indonesian government that lasted 1966–1998.
• It began when President Soeharto took leadership after the end of the Old Order under President Soekarno.
• The era was marked in 1966 by the issuance of the March 11th Order letter (Surat Perintah 11 Maret / Supersemar, mentioned as Suersar in the subtitles) to address a political and economic crisis.
• It reflected:
  • the weakening of Sukarno’s power, and
  • the strengthening of Suharto’s role.
• In 1968, Soeharto was officially appointed president by the MPRS.

Early priorities of the New Order

• Focus on stabilizing politics and the economy.
• Community political activities were limited to maintain stability so the government could proceed with national economic development.

End of the New Order

• The New Order ended in 1998 due to an economic crisis, which helped trigger the Reform movement (Reformasi).
• Soeharto resigned on May 21, 1998, ending the New Order.

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Development Process During the New Order (Concepts + Programs)

1) Economic recovery first, then long-term development

At the beginning, Indonesia faced poor economic conditions, including:

• High inflation
• Decreasing purchasing power
• Scarcity of basic necessities

Because of this, the government prioritized economic recovery to stabilize the country before starting long-term planning. Economic recovery involved:

• Balancing the state budget
• Receiving/using support from international financial institutions

Result (as mentioned in the subtitles): Inflation dropped from over 600% to below 100% by 1968.

2) Long-Term Development Plan (PJP) for 25 years

After stability, the government implemented PJP (Pembangunan Jangka Panjang / Long-Term Development Plan) for 25 years.

• PJP Phase 1: 1969–1994
  • Divided into five 5-year development plans (Repelita).
  • The Repelita were carried out continuously to support national development.

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Repelita Goals (PJP Phase 1: 1969–1994)

• Pelita 1 (1969–1974)

  • Aim: Meet basic needs and infrastructure
  • Emphasis: Agriculture

• Pelita 2 (1974–1979)

  • Aim: Develop areas outside Java, Bali, and Madura

• Pelita 3 (1979–1984)

  • Aim: Develop labor-intensive industrial sectors to increase exports

• Pelita 4 (1984–1989)

  • Aim: Create new jobs and industries

• Pelita 5 (1989–1994)

  • Aim: Develop transportation, communication, and education

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Development “Trilogy” (Guiding Concept for Policies)

The government proposed a development trilogy to guide political, economic, and social policies, emphasizing:

• Realization of political stability and security
• Development in all aspects of life
• Equitable distribution of development and its results

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“Flagship Programs” Mentioned During the New Order

Social / Population and Community Programs

• Family Planning (KB)

  • Goal: Suppress population growth
  • Purpose: Balance employment and food needs
  • Outcome (as mentioned): Population growth rate reduced to below 2%

• Transmigration Program

  • Goal: Spread population and improve the economy
  • Method: Move people from densely populated areas (especially Java) to:
    • Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua
  • Status (as mentioned): A priority, involving millions of people

Economic / Production Programs

• Agricultural Industrialization
  • Goal: Increase food production via:
    • Extensification: expanding agricultural land
    • Intensification: using superior technology and seeds
  • Outcome (as mentioned): Helped Indonesia reach rice self-sufficiency in the mid-1980s

Education Development

• Expanded access to education through:
  • Building many schools, including elementary schools via Presidential Instruction in 1973
  • Illiteracy eradication (1978)
  • Compulsory education expansion to 9 years compulsory education (1994)

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PJP Phase 2 and Disruption

• PJP Phase 2: 1994–2019 (as stated)
  • Began with Pelita 6 (1994–1998)
  • Goal: Develop industry and human resources
• However, the plan was not optimal due to the 1997 Asian economic crisis
  • Crisis spread from Thailand to Indonesia
  • Worsened in 1998
  • Triggered political unrest, contributing to the end of the New Order
• Result (as mentioned):
  • PJP phase 2 was stopped
  • Pelita 7 was not implemented

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Strategic Industry Example: IPTN Aircraft Development

• Program mentioned: Nusantara aircraft industry (IPTn)
• Achievements mentioned:
  • Designed the N250 Gatot Kaca aircraft
  • First flew on August 10, 1995
  • Planned the development of the Z N N2130 aircraft (as written in subtitles)
• Impact of the crisis:
  • The 1997–1998 economic crisis caused the project to be halted
  • The M250 Gatot Kaca aircraft was eventually placed in a museum in 2020

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Overall Conclusion Conveyed

The New Order era demonstrated major government efforts to develop Indonesia through:

• economic recovery
• long-term development plans (Repelita)
• flagship programs in family planning, transmigration, agriculture, and education

The 1997–1998 economic crisis and strong demands for reform caused major changes, leading to the beginning of the Reform era.

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Speakers / Sources Featured

• No specific person appears as a speaker in the subtitles (besides historical figures being referenced).
• Historical figures / government institutions referenced as sources of facts:
  • President Soeharto
  • President Soekarno
  • MPRS (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat)
  • Mentioned vice presidents:
    • Hamingku Buono (spelled as in subtitles)
    • Adam Malik
    • Umar Wira Hadi Kusuma (as written)
    • Sudharmono
    • Tri Sutrisno
    • B.J. Habibie